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AQA Chemistry [Paper 1] > C3- Bonding and structure 🔗 > Flashcards

C3- Bonding and structure 🔗 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three common states of matter ?

A
  • solids, liquids and gases.
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2
Q

Referring to particle theory, what can you tell me about the properties of solids ?

A
  • solids are extremely hard to compress [squeeze]. This is because the particles in a solid are packed together [in a regular lattice arrangement].
  • with almost no spaces between the particles since there are strong forces of attraction between the particles, which holds them close together, in fixed positions
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3
Q

Referring to particle theory, what else can you tell me about the properties of solids ?

Hint: shape

A
  • solids also have a fixed shape and can’t flow from place to place.
  • this is because the particles can vibrate [around a fixed point], but cannot move from place to place.
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4
Q

Referring to particle theory, what can you tell me about the properties of liquids ?

Hint: compress- why ?

A
  • liquids are extremely hard to compress- this is because the particles are close together, with not many spaces between them.
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5
Q

Referring to particle theory, what else can you tell me about the properties of liquids ?

Hint: take the shape- why ?

A
  • ; [unlike solids], liquids can take the shape of their container and they flow from place to place.
  • this is because the particles in a liquid can move, due to a weak forces of attraction between the particles.
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6
Q

Referring to particle theory, what can you tell me about gases ?

Hint: why ?

A
  • gases are [extremely] easy to compress since the particles in gases are widely spaced
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7
Q

Referring to particle theory, what can you tell me about gases ?

Hint: spread out

A
  • gases also spread out and fill their container- because the particles in a gas move quickly, and move constantly with random motion.
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8
Q

Explain how a solid changes to a liquid [2]

Hint: weakening

A
  • when a solid is heated, it’s particles gain more energy. This makes the particles vibrate more often, weakening the forces that hold the solid together.
  • At the melting point, the particles have enough energy to break free from their positions and melt. This is when a solid turns into a liquid.
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9
Q

How does a liquid change to a gas ?

A
  • when a liquid is heated, the particles gain more energy and this energy makes the particles move faster, weakening and then breaking the bonds that hold the liquid together.
  • at the boiling point, the particles have enough energy to break their bonds. The liquid now becomes a gas, and this is called boiling or evaporating.
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10
Q

Explain how a gas, change into a liquid

Hint: the particles have no energy to overcome…

A
  • As a gas cools, the particles no longer have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them, so bonds forms between the particles.
  • And at the boiling point, so many bonds have formed between the gas particles, that the gas becomes a liquid. This is called condensing
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11
Q

How does a liquid change into a solid ?

Hint: at the melting point

A
  • when a liquid cools, the particles have less energy meaning they move around less.
  • There’s not enough energy to overcome the attraction between the particles, so no bonds form between the,.
  • And at the melting point, so many bonds have formed between the liquid particles, that they’re held in place and the liquid becomes a solid. This is called freezing
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12
Q

What is a limitation of particle theory ?

Hint: solid spheres

A
  • the simple particle model, assumes that all particles are solid spheres- but this isn’t true because particles have different shapes, and are not all solids.
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13
Q

What does the amount of energy needed for a substance to change state, depend on ?

Hint: strong

A
  • the amount of energy needed for a substance to change state, depend on how strong the forces [of attraction] between the particles are.
  • The stronger the forces, the more energy is needed to break them, therefore the higher the melting and boiling point of the substance.
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14
Q

What is the rule for predicting the state of a substance ?

A
  • if the temperature’s below the melting point, the substance is a solid.
  • if it’s bewteen the melting and boiling point, the substance is a liquid; if the substance is above the boiling point, it’s a gas
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15
Q

What is ionic bonding ?

Hint: non-metal and metal

A
  • Ionic bonding is when a metal atom loses electron(s), to form a positively charged ion and a non-metal gains these electron(s) to form a negatively charged ion.
  • An ionic bond is then formed between the oppositely charged ions.
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16
Q

What is ionic bonding ?

A
  • Ionic bonding is when a metal atom loses electron(s), to form a positively charged ion and a non-metal gains these electron(s) to form a negatively charged ion.
  • An ionic bond is then formed between the oppositely charged ions.
17
Q

During ionic bonding, do group one lose or gain electrons ?

A
  • during ionic bonding, group one metals lose one electron- forming a +1 ion.
  • [This is because they now have a full outer energy level, like the noble gases.]
18
Q

During ionic bonding, what do group seven electrons lose or gain ?

A
  • during ionic bonding, group seven non-metals gain one electron- forming a -1 ion.
  • [This is because they now have a full outer energy level, like the noble gases.]
19
Q

During ionic bonding, what do group 2 metals lose or gain ?

A
  • during ionic bonding, group two metals lose two electrons and form a +2 ion.
  • [this is because, all metals lose electrons and form positively charged ions]
20
Q

During ionic bonding, what do group 6 non-metals lose or gain ?

A
  • during ionic bonding, group six non-metals gain two electrons and form a -2 ion.
21
Q

In ionic bonding, what is the difference between group 2 metals losing or gaining electrons? 🆚 group 6 non-metals losing or gaining electrons ?

A
  • during ionic bonding, group two metals lose two electrons and form a +2 ion; group six non-metals gain two electrons and form a -2 ion.
22
Q

What structure do ionic compounds form ?

A
  • Ionic compounds form giant structures called a giant ionic lattice. Every positive ion, is surrounded by negative ions [and vice versa].
  • giant ionic lattices also have very strong forces of attraction, between the positive and the negative ions. These are called electrostatic forces, which hold the negative and positive ions in place. These electrostatic forces are known as ionic bonds. [they act in all directions]
23
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds ?

A
  • ionic compounds have very high melting and boiling points. This is because the strong electrostatic forces, require a great deal of heat energy to break.
  • ionic compounds can’t conduct electricity when they are solids, since the ions cannot move as they are locked in places by the strong forces of attraction; ionic compounds can conduct electricity, when they are melted or dissolved or water.
  • This is because they can now move, and carry the [electrical] charge.
24
Q
  • Fill in the gaps: in gases, the forces of __________ between the particles are very weak.
  • this means, they’re ____ to move and are far apart.
A
  • in gases, the forces of attraction between the particles are very weak.
  • this means they’re free to move and are far apart.
25
Q
  • Fill in the gaps: the particles in liquids, are randomly ________ , and are free to move past each other
  • ; they tend to _______ be together. [as they typically stick together]
A
  • the particles in liquids, are randomly arranged, and are free to move past each other
  • ; they tend to closely be together. [as they typically stick together]
26
Q

What’s another limitation, of particle theory ?

Hint: forces

A
  • it’s assumed there are no forces between the particles.
  • ; the forces between the particles, have a major impact on the melting and boiling point of a substance.

AQA Chemistry [Paper 1] (22 decks)

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