C3

Question 1

Reasons for Non-Adherence

Stress

Answer 1

Stres can affect adhearance in 4 ways:
1. Stress arises from poverty
2. Stress is closely associated with chaotic lifestyles
3. Stressed clients are usually anxious
4. Stress can affect memory.

Question 2

Reasons for Non-Adherence

Rational non-adhearance

Answer 2

Sometimes clients decide not to follow medical advice for logical and rational reasons.
Cost benifit analysis- the percived benifts must outweigh the persieved barriers. Psychologists have identified 3 main costs:
1. Financial barriers
2. Side effects
3. Patient-practitioner relationship

Question 3

Reasons for Non-Adherence

Learned helplessness

Answer 3

If a personf finds that they cannot escape a challenging situation then theystop trying to escape.

Clients fail to successfully chnage their health which creates a downward spiral of depression and future failures resulting in non-adherence.

Question 4

Reasons for Non-Adherence

Lack of support

Answer 4

We are less likely to adhere to medical advice of we do not have other people to support us.

Significant others:
Lack of practical support: Lack of reminders (e.g. taking medication) from family/friends without it = non-adherence
Lack of emotional support- Without friemds/ fmaily to lift up mood without it = non-adherence

Health professionals:
Lack of practical support: Lack of expert guidance without it = non-adherence
Lack of emotional support: Some patients expect comfort from health care professionals without it = non-adherence

Question 5

Methods to improve adherence

Health education/ promotion

Answer 5

Improve access to information e.g. printed booklets, telephone appointments, NHS website, apps, etc.
Make sure information is relevant to the target group e.g. send postal reminders to elderly patients to help with memory issues, schedule face-to-face appointments with low-literacy level patients to explain medical jargon, model health behaviours for patients with learning difficulties.

Question 6

Methods to improve adherence

Reduction of perceived threats

Answer 6

Resistance: start with smaller changes and gradually build them into greater positive health habits

Understanding of needs: provide patients with a healthy peer group (e.g. Alcoholics Anonymous) so their social needs are still being met whilst they make positive health changes.

Safety and security: take a patient-centred approach by including them in decisions about their health and address their fears directly.

Question 7

Methods to improve adherence

Lifestyle changes

Answer 7

Reduce stress e.g. through organisation

Improve self-esteem and self-confidence e.g. through joining a group

Increase emotional resilience e.g. through practising mindfulness

Give the client an insight into their own behaviour e.g. through reflecting on their habits

Improve their outlook on life: think about good things that could happen in the future without dwelling on past failures

Question 8

Methods to improve adherence

Increased availability of activities

Answer 8

Provision of incentives e.g. money to quit smoking, as miney is a powerful reinforcer- Volpp et al.

Persuasive health reminders e.g. personalised texts, self-tracking technology and progress monitoring

Social prescribing e.g. joining a support group