C3 Flashcards
What is the arrangement of a solid
The particles are tightly packed, regular arrangement and vibrate in fixed position
What’s the arrangement of a liquid
The particles have an irregular arrangement it fits the arrangement of a container and slip past each other
What’s the arrangement of a gas
The particles are freely moving and is in irregular shape they have a lot of space between each other and move randomly
What’s the limitation of the particle model (4)
- assumes particles are spheres and solids
- assumes no force between the particles
- in melting and boiling, energy transferred from the surroundings to the substrate. In freezing and condensing energy is transferred from the substrate to the surroundings.
What is ionic and covalent bonding
Between a metal and non-metal
Ionic compounds are held together through strong forces of attraction between opposite ions
Covalent bonding is between 2 non-metals and if it’s the same element is becomes a molecule
What’s the properties of giant covalent molecules
Always solid at room temperature as they have millions of string covalent bonds so they always have high boiling and melting points
How is diamond formed
It’s formed from 4 carbons atoms covalently bonded. There’s no freely moving delocalised electrons so it can’t carry electricity.
Silicon dioxide has a high melting and boiling point so there a strong covalent bond.
How is graphite formed
It has a high melting and boiling point
It’s soft and slippery
It’s formed of 3 carbons do theres a spare carbon to carry an electric current
It’s made of graphs be layers there no covalent bond between them so they can slide over one another
How is a giant ionic lattice formed
They are 3D with a high melting and boiling point which an electrostatic force holding the charges together. A lot of energy is needed to break them. They can’t conduct electricity because of its strong arrangement so it can’t be melted or dissolved.
What can graphene be used to create
It’s a single layer of graphite that’s strong and a great conductor
Fullerenes are molecules of carbon and are made using graphene it has a hallow shape and made of hexagons of carbon atoms used in pharmaceuticals.
Carbon nanotubes can be stretched and not break but are excellent conductors
What’s the properties of small covalent molecules (4)
- low boiling and melting points
- gases or liquids at room temperature
- has intermolecular forces that’s are weak and don’t need a lot of energy to be broken
- doesn’t conduct electricity
