C2.2- Bonding Flashcards
What is a physical property?
A characteristic that can be observed and measured
What are properties of metal elements?
- shiny
- their melting point + boiling point is high
- they are solid at room temperature
- they are malleable
- they are ductile
- they are good conductors
What are properties of non-metal elements
- dull
- their melting point + boiling point is low
- half are solid and half are gas at room temperature
- they are brittle
- they are non-ductile
- they are poor conductors
- they are insulators
What does malleable mean
It bends without shattering
What does brittle mean
It shatters when hammered
What does ductile mean
They can be pulled into wires
What is a conductor
Something that is able to carry electrical or thermal energy
Are metal elements on the left or right side of the periodic table
On the left
What is a chemical property?
A characteristic of a substance that can only be determined by its chemical reactions
What is an oxide
A type of compound formed when an element or compound gains oxygen
Do metal ions lose or gain electrons
They lose electrons
Do non metals lose or gain electrons
They gain electrons
What happens if a metal oxide dissolves in water
It produces an alkaline solution
What happens if a non metal oxide dissolves in water
It produces an acidic solution
What is a period in the periodic table
A horizontal row
What is a group in the periodic table
It is a vertical column
What is the electron structure?
It shows how electrons are arranged in atoms
What is the maximum number of electrons in each shell
Shell 1 - 2
Shell 2- 8
Shell 3- 8
Shell 4 - 18
What does the last number in an elements electronic structure tell us about its position in the periodic table
The last number is the GROUP NUMBER
What does the number of numbers of an elements electronic structure tell you about its position in the periodic table?
The number of numbers is the period number
What is an ion
An electrically charges particle formed when an atom loses or gains electrons
Do metals lose or gain electrons
Lose electrons
Do non metals lose or gain electrons
Gain electrons
What is an electron diagram
It is a diagram that represents the electronic structure of an atom or ion.
Circles represent shells and dots or crosses represent electrons
How do ionic compounds form
When a metal reacts with a non metal, electrons are transferred from the metal atoms to the non metal atoms to gain a complete outer shell.
What is an ionic compound?
A compound containing oppositely charged ions from different elements.
What is an ionic bond?
An electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
What is the structure of ionic compounds?
Ionic compounds in the solid state are arranged in a giant ionic lattice
What is a giant ionic lattice
a structure of ionic compounds in which oppositely charged ions are held in a regular and repeating arrangement by strong electrostatic forces of attractions
What is a space filling model
a representation of ionic compounds and molecules in which balls represent the atoms or ions
What is a ball and stick model
3D model where ball represents an ion and the plastic link represents an ionic bond
What are the limitations of a ball and stick model
The size of atoms and lengths of bonds are exaggerated
It suggests that electrons don’t move
What is a covalent bond
It is a shared pair of electrons between 2 non metal atoms to gain complete outer shells
What is a simple molecule?
A particle that only has a few non-metal atoms joined together by covalent bonds
What is the binding in simple molecules like?
The covalent bonds between atoms are strong
the intermolecular forces between molecules are weak
What is a displayed formula
a diagram in which atoms are represented by chemical symbols, and covalent bonds by lines
What is a giant covalent structure
Lots of non metal atoms joined by covalent bonds and arranged in a repeating regular pattern
What are the chemical formulae of giant molecules
You use the empirical formula for substances as they have lots of atoms
What is a polymer
A substance made from smaller molecules made of many repeating units called monomers
What are monomers
Simple molecules that join together to form polymer molecules
What are examples of addition polymers
Poly(ethene)
Poly(propene)
What are examples of condensation polymers
Carbohydrates
DNA
proteins
Nylon
What are thermosoftening polymers
They can be heated and moulded into a new shape that sets when they cool down
What is the structure of thermosoftening polymers
The polymer chains are tangled and easy to separate
What is a thermosetting polymer
They cannot be remoulded. They burn when heated
What is the structure of a thermosetting polymer
They have cross linking chains joined together by strong covalent bonds
What is a repeating unit
A section of a polymer molecule that is repeated again and again
What is a giant metallic lattice
It is a model of the repeating regular arrangement of metal atoms or ions in a metal in the solid state
What is a metallic bond?
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between delocalised electrons and metal ions
What is the structure and bonding in metals like
Electrons leave the outer shells of metal atoms forming a sea of delocalised electrons around the positively charged metal ions
What did Mendeleev consider when organising the periodic table
The atomic weight of the elements
Knowledge about the chemical reactions of different elements
Knowledge of physical properties
How did Mendeleev organise the periodic table
In order of increasing atomic weight
He grouped together ones with similar chemical properties
He left spaces for elements he thought would exist but weren’t discovered yet
How did Mendeleev change his table
He changed it so that groups were in columns (instead of rows)
Why did mendeleev swap the positions of tellurium and Iodine and how do we know he was right
He felt that this matched their chemical properties better
Moseley discovered an atoms atomic number was the number of protons in its nucleus
What are the patterns of chemical properties in the periodic table
Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number
Electronic structure is determined by the number of electrons
The electronic structure determines an elements chemical properties
