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Biology HL > C2.1 Chemical Signalling > Flashcards

C2.1 Chemical Signalling Flashcards

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1
Q

What is chemical signaling?

A

The process by which cells communicate with each other through chemical signals.

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2
Q

True or False: Chemical signaling only occurs in multicellular organisms.

A

False

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3
Q

What are the main types of chemical signals?

A

Hormones, neurotransmitters, and local mediators.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Hormones are produced by ______ glands.

A

endocrine

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5
Q

What is the role of neurotransmitters?

A

To transmit signals across synapses between neurons.

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6
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical signaling? A) Endocrine B) Paracrine C) Exocrine D) Autocrine

A

C) Exocrine

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7
Q

Define autocrine signaling.

A

A type of signaling where a cell targets itself.

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8
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

Signaling where a cell targets nearby cells.

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9
Q

True or False: Hormonal signals can have long-lasting effects.

A

True

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10
Q

What is the primary function of signaling molecules?

A

To elicit a specific response in target cells.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The receptor proteins are located on the ______ of the target cell.

A

membrane

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12
Q

What happens when a signaling molecule binds to its receptor?

A

It triggers a conformational change in the receptor, initiating a cellular response.

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13
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of signaling is characterized by hormones traveling through the bloodstream? A) Autocrine B) Endocrine C) Paracrine D) Juxtacrine

A

B) Endocrine

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14
Q

Define juxtacrine signaling.

A

Direct signaling between adjacent cells through surface molecules.

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15
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor.

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16
Q

True or False: All receptors can respond to multiple types of signaling molecules.

A

False

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17
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

The process by which a cell converts an external signal into a functional response.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The ______ pathway is often involved in signal transduction.

A

second messenger

19
Q

What role do second messengers play in signaling?

A

They amplify the signal within the cell and propagate the response.

20
Q

Multiple Choice: Which is a common second messenger? A) ATP B) cAMP C) GTP D) NADH

A

B) cAMP

21
Q

What is the function of protein kinases in signaling pathways?

A

To phosphorylate target proteins, altering their activity.

22
Q

True or False: Only water-soluble hormones can pass through the cell membrane.

A

False

23
Q

What is the significance of feedback mechanisms in chemical signaling?

A

They regulate the production and activity of signaling molecules to maintain homeostasis.

24
Q

Fill in the blank: Negative feedback loops help to ______ the effects of a hormone.

A

diminish

25
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in hormonal signaling?

A

To regulate the pituitary gland and coordinate the endocrine system.

26
Q

Multiple Choice: Which hormone is released in response to stress? A) Insulin B) Cortisol C) Estrogen D) Thyroxine

A

B) Cortisol

27
Q

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters?

A

An action potential reaching the synaptic terminal.

28
Q

True or False: Chemical signaling is only involved in physiological processes.

A

False

29
Q

What is the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine signaling?

A

Endocrine signaling uses the bloodstream, while exocrine signaling involves secretion to external surfaces.

30
Q

Fill in the blank: ______ receptors are found inside the cell and respond to lipid-soluble hormones.

A

Intracellular

31
Q

What is the effect of glucagon on blood glucose levels?

A

It increases blood glucose levels.

32
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of signaling would you associate with inflammation? A) Autocrine B) Paracrine C) Endocrine D) Juxtacrine

A

B) Paracrine

33
Q

Define neuroendocrine signaling.

A

Signaling that integrates the nervous and endocrine systems through neurohormones.

34
Q

True or False: Chemical signals can only be proteins.

A

False

35
Q

What is the role of receptors in cellular response?

A

To bind specific signaling molecules and initiate a response.

36
Q

Fill in the blank: The ______ system is responsible for the release of hormones into the bloodstream.

A

endocrine

37
Q

What type of signaling involves a cell responding to its own signals?

A

Autocrine signaling.

38
Q

Multiple Choice: Which hormone lowers blood sugar levels? A) Glucagon B) Insulin C) Cortisol D) Epinephrine

A

B) Insulin

39
Q

What is a key characteristic of local mediators?

A

They act on nearby cells rather than being transported through the bloodstream.

40
Q

True or False: All signaling pathways are linear and straightforward.

A

False

41
Q

What is the primary purpose of chemical signaling in organisms?

A

To coordinate and regulate physiological processes.

42
Q

Fill in the blank: Signal ______ is crucial for proper cellular communication.

A

amplification

43
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?

A

To secrete hormones that regulate other glands and bodily functions.

Biology HL (5 decks)

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