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Biology HL > C1.3 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

C1.3 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

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2
Q

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions).

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3
Q

Where do the light-dependent reactions occur?

A

In the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

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4
Q

True or False: Oxygen is a product of the light-dependent reactions.

A

True.

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5
Q

What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: The formula for photosynthesis is ____ + ____ + light energy → ____ + ____.

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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7
Q

What is the role of water in photosynthesis?

A

Water provides electrons and protons and is split to release oxygen during the light-dependent reactions.

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8
Q

What is produced in the Calvin cycle?

A

Glucose (C6H12O6) is produced in the Calvin cycle.

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9
Q

Which molecule carries energy from the light-dependent reactions to the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH.

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10
Q

True or False: Photosynthesis occurs only during the day.

A

False; while light is necessary for the light-dependent reactions, the Calvin cycle can occur at any time.

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11
Q

What is the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide is a reactant that is fixed during the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.

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12
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Increased light intensity typically increases the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain point.

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13
Q

What is photolysis?

A

The process of splitting water molecules into oxygen, protons, and electrons using light energy.

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14
Q

Which organisms perform photosynthesis?

A

Green plants, algae, and some bacteria.

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15
Q

What is the function of the stomata in plants?

A

Stomata allow for gas exchange, enabling CO2 to enter and O2 to exit the leaf.

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16
Q

What are the main factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.

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17
Q

What is the significance of chlorophyll’s absorption spectrum?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs primarily blue and red light, which are most effective for photosynthesis.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The light-dependent reactions convert light energy into ____ and ____.

A

ATP and NADPH.

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19
Q

What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), which can be converted into glucose.

20
Q

What is the role of RuBisCO in photosynthesis?

A

RuBisCO is the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.

21
Q

True or False: The Calvin cycle requires light directly.

A

False; it does not require light directly but relies on ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions.

22
Q

What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?

A

NADP+ acts as an electron carrier, becoming NADPH during the light-dependent reactions.

23
Q

Which part of the plant is primarily involved in photosynthesis?

A

The leaves.

24
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase in photosynthesis?

A

ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during the light-dependent reactions.

25
Q

How does temperature affect photosynthesis?

A

Higher temperatures can increase the rate of photosynthesis to a point, after which it may decrease due to enzyme denaturation.

26
Q

What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

A

A condition that can restrict the rate of photosynthesis, such as low light, low CO2, or extreme temperatures.

27
Q

Fill in the blank: The thylakoids are located within the ____ of chloroplasts.

A

stroma.

28
Q

What is the end product of the light-dependent reactions?

A

Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.

29
Q

True or False: Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction.

A

True; it absorbs energy from light.

30
Q

What is the primary purpose of photosynthesis?

A

To convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

31
Q

What is the name of the cycle that fixes carbon dioxide into organic molecules?

A

Calvin cycle.

32
Q

What is the role of the light-harvesting complex?

A

To capture and transfer light energy to the reaction center of the photosystem.

33
Q

What is the role of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?

A

To transfer electrons from water to NADP+, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

34
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of converting light energy into chemical energy occurs during the ____ reactions.

A

light-dependent.

35
Q

What are the main products of the Calvin cycle?

A

Glucose and other carbohydrates.

36
Q

How do plants store energy produced during photosynthesis?

A

As starch or other carbohydrates.

37
Q

What is the role of light in photosynthesis?

A

Light provides the energy needed to drive the photosynthetic reactions.

38
Q

True or False: Only plants can perform photosynthesis.

A

False; some algae and bacteria also perform photosynthesis.

39
Q

What is the significance of the Calvin cycle?

A

It converts atmospheric CO2 into organic compounds, primarily glucose.

40
Q

What are the two types of chlorophyll found in plants?

A

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

41
Q

What happens to the glucose produced during photosynthesis?

A

It can be used for energy, stored as starch, or converted into other organic compounds.

42
Q

Fill in the blank: The light-dependent reactions produce ____ and ____ as energy carriers.

A

ATP and NADPH.

43
Q

What is the role of rubisco in the Calvin cycle?

A

It catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation.

44
Q

True or False: The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells.

A

True.

45
Q

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used in cellular respiration to produce ATP.

46
Q

What is the significance of the proton gradient created during the light-dependent reactions?

A

It drives the synthesis of ATP through ATP synthase.

Biology HL (5 decks)

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