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Biology HL > C1.1 Enzymes And Metabolism > Flashcards

C1.1 Enzymes And Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

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2
Q

True or False: Enzymes are consumed during the reactions they catalyze.

A

False

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3
Q

What is the role of the active site in an enzyme?

A

The active site is the region on the enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes are typically ________ proteins.

A

globular

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5
Q

What is the term for the maximum rate of reaction for an enzyme?

A

Vmax

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6
Q

How do temperature changes affect enzyme activity?

A

Increasing temperature typically increases enzyme activity up to an optimal point, after which activity decreases due to denaturation.

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7
Q

What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A

Each enzyme has an optimal pH at which it functions best; deviations can reduce activity or denature the enzyme.

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8
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.

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9
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting enzyme activity? A) Temperature B) Concentration of substrate C) Color of the enzyme D) pH

A

C) Color of the enzyme

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10
Q

What is enzyme specificity?

A

Enzyme specificity refers to the ability of an enzyme to select for a particular substrate among a group of similar chemical molecules.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The model that describes how enzymes and substrates interact is called the ________ model.

A

induced fit

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12
Q

True or False: Enzymes can catalyze multiple types of reactions.

A

False

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13
Q

What is an enzyme inhibitor?

A

An enzyme inhibitor is a substance that decreases or stops the activity of an enzyme.

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14
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of inhibition involves the inhibitor binding to the active site? A) Competitive B) Non-competitive C) Uncompetitive D) Allosteric

A

A) Competitive

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15
Q

What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site, while non-competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes that break down substrates are called ________.

A

hydrolases

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17
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism.

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18
Q

True or False: Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy.

A

True

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19
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

An anabolic pathway is a series of reactions that construct molecules from smaller units, usually requiring energy.

20
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a product of cellular respiration? A) Glucose B) Oxygen C) Carbon dioxide D) Water

A

C) Carbon dioxide

21
Q

What is the role of ATP in metabolism?

A

ATP serves as the primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various biochemical reactions.

22
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of converting glucose into pyruvate is called ________.

A

glycolysis

23
Q

What is the significance of enzyme concentration on reaction rate?

A

Increasing enzyme concentration generally increases the reaction rate, provided there is sufficient substrate available.

24
Q

True or False: All enzymes require cofactors to function.

A

False

25
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A metabolic pathway is a series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate into a product.

26
Q

Multiple Choice: Which process occurs in the mitochondria? A) Glycolysis B) Krebs Cycle C) Fermentation D) Photosynthesis

A

B) Krebs Cycle

27
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more energy, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less energy.

28
Q

Fill in the blank: The end product of the Krebs cycle is ________.

A

NADH and FADH2

29
Q

What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

A

NAD+ acts as an electron carrier, facilitating the transfer of electrons during metabolic reactions.

30
Q

True or False: Enzymes can only catalyze reactions in one direction.

A

False

31
Q

What is the relationship between enzyme activity and substrate concentration?

A

As substrate concentration increases, enzyme activity increases until a maximum rate is reached (Vmax).

32
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a product of photosynthesis? A) Glucose B) Oxygen C) Carbon dioxide D) Water

A

C) Carbon dioxide

33
Q

What are allosteric enzymes?

A

Allosteric enzymes are enzymes that change their activity when a molecule binds to an allosteric site, which is distinct from the active site.

34
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose is called ________.

A

photosynthesis

35
Q

What is the primary energy molecule produced during cellular respiration?

A

ATP

36
Q

True or False: Enzymes are specific to their substrates.

A

True

37
Q

What is the function of ligases?

A

Ligases are enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules, typically forming a new bond.

38
Q

Multiple Choice: Which enzyme is involved in the digestion of proteins? A) Amylase B) Lipase C) Pepsin D) Cellulase

A

C) Pepsin

39
Q

What effect does an enzyme have on the activation energy of a reaction?

A

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.

40
Q

Fill in the blank: The energy required to initiate a reaction is known as ________ energy.

A

activation

41
Q

What is the term for the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions?

A

Metabolism

42
Q

True or False: Enzymes can function outside of their optimal conditions.

A

False

43
Q

What is the primary function of hydrolases?

A

Hydrolases catalyze the breakdown of substrates by adding water.

44
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of enzymes? A) They are consumed in reactions B) They are specific for their substrates C) They can function at any temperature D) They are always proteins

A

B) They are specific for their substrates

45
Q

What are metabolic inhibitors?

A

Metabolic inhibitors are substances that interfere with metabolic processes, often by inhibiting enzyme activity.

46
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of converting energy from food into ATP is called ________.

A

cellular respiration

Biology HL (5 decks)

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