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GCSE CHEMISTRY > C20 Making our resources > Flashcards

C20 Making our resources Flashcards

1
Q

What is corrosion?

A

When a material reacts with substances in the environment and eventually wears away

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2
Q

How can corrosion be prevented?

A

Physical barriers e.g coated in paint or plastic

Sacrificial protection

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3
Q

How does aluminium have its own physical barrier?

A

Aluminium reacts with oxygen to produce aluminium oxide

This acts as a physical barrier to protect against corrosion

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4
Q

What is sacrificial protection?

A

A more reactive substance is placed on the material

The more reactive substance will react with the environment instead of the main material

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5
Q

Example of sacrificial protection

A

Iron is galvanised with zinc

Zinc reacts with oxygen and water in place of the iron

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6
Q

Composition of BRONZE

A

Copper and tin

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7
Q

Properties of BRONZE

A

Resistant to corrosion

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8
Q

Uses of BRONZE

A

Statues
Decorative items
Ship propellers

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9
Q

Composition of BRASS

A

Copper and zinc

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10
Q

Properties of BRASS

A

Very hard but workable

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11
Q

Uses of BRASS

A

Door fittings
Taps
Musical instruments

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12
Q

Composition of GOLD ALLOYS

A

Mostly Gold with copper, silver and zinc added

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13
Q

Properties of GOLD ALLOYS

A

Attractive
Corrosion resistant

Hardness depends on carat

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14
Q

Composition of HIGH CARBON STEEL

A

Iron with 1-2% carbon

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15
Q

Properties of HIGH CARBON STEEL

A

Strong but brittle

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16
Q

Uses of HIGH CARBON STEEL

A

Cutting tools
Metal presses

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17
Q

Composition of LOW CARBON STEEL

A

Iron with <1% carbon

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18
Q

Properties of LOW CARBON STEEL

A

Soft
Easy to shape

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19
Q

Uses of LOW CARBON STEEL

A

Cars
Machinery
Ships
Containers
Structural steel

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20
Q

Composition of STAINLESS STEEL

A

Iron with chromium and nickel

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21
Q

Properties of STAINLESS STEEL

A

Resistant to corrosion
Hard

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22
Q

Uses of STAINLESS STEEL

A

Cutlery
Plumbing

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23
Q

Composition of ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

A

Over 300 alloys available

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24
Q

Properties of ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

A

Low density

Properties depend on compostion

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25
Q

Uses of ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

A

Aircrafts
Military uses

26
Q

Composition of SODA-LIME GLASS

A

Heated mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

27
Q

Properties of SODA-LIME GLASS

A

Transparent brittle

28
Q

Uses of SODA-LIME GLASS

A

Everyday glass objects

29
Q

Composition of BOROSILICATE GLASS

A

Heated sand and boron trioxide

30
Q

Properties of BOROSILICATE GLASS

A

Higher melting point than soda-lime glass

31
Q

Uses of BOROSILICATE GLASS

A

Oven glassware
Laboratory glassware

32
Q

Manufacture of CLAY CERAMICS

A

Shape wet clay then heat in a furnace

33
Q

Properties of CLAY CERAMICS

A

Hard
Brittle
Easy to shape before manufacture
Resistant to corrosion

34
Q

Uses of CLAY CERAMICS

A

Crockery
Construction
Bricks

35
Q

What do the properties of polymers depend on?

A

The monomers that make them up

Conditions under which they are made

36
Q

What type of polymer is LOW DENSITY POLY(ETHENE)

A

Addition polymerisation

37
Q

How is LOW DENSITY POLY(ETHENE) formed?

A

When addition polymerisation reaction of ethene is carried out under HIGH PRESSURE and in the presence of a SMALL AMOUNT OF OXYGEN

38
Q

What type of polymer is HIGH DENSITY POLY(ETHENE)?

A

Addition polymerisation

39
Q

How is HIGH DENSITY POLY(ETHENE) formed?

A

When addition polymerisation of ethene is carried out using a CATALYST at 50’

40
Q

Properties of thermosoftening polymers

A

They do not have links between each layer (like graphite)

Soften when they are heated

41
Q

Properties of thermosetting polymers

A

They have strong links between the different chains

Do not melt when heated

42
Q

What are composites?

A

Made from 2 materials

A matrix (main material)
with fragments of other fibres or other materials
(reinforcements)

43
Q

Example of composites

A

Plywood
Reinforced concrete

44
Q

What is the Haber process?

A

Creating ammonia from gases in the air

45
Q

Why is the Haber process used?

A

Ammonia is used to create fertilisers and improve the growth of crop plants

46
Q

Haber process reaction

A

nitrogen + hydrogen –> ammonia

47
Q

What type of reaction is the Haber process?

A

Reversible reaction

48
Q

Under what circumstances are the nitrogen and hydrogen compressed during the Haber process?

A

450’c
200 Pressure

49
Q

What catalyst is used in the Haber process?

A

Iron catalyst

50
Q

Compromise (Haber process)

A

Conditions used for the Haber process are a compromise to balance yield, cost and rate

51
Q

Temperature condition for the Haber process

A

The forward reaction is exothermic

Therefore lowering the temperature would increase the yield of ammonia but also decrease the rate of reaction

52
Q

Pressure condition for the Haber process

A

There are fewer gas molecules on the product side

So increasing the pressure would increase the yield and rate of reaction but would be VERY EXPENSIVE

53
Q

Catalyst condition for the Haber process

A

Iron is an effective catalyst

Doesn’t increase yield but increases the rate

54
Q

NPK Fertilisers

A

Fertilisers that contain soluble compounds of:

Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Potassium

55
Q

How is phosphorous for NPK fertilisers processed?

A

Mining
Phosphate rocks react with acid

Phosphate salts

56
Q

Single super phosphate

A

Calcium sulphate + Calcium phosphate

57
Q

Triple super phosphate

A

Calcium phosphate

58
Q

How is ammonium sulphate produced?

A

Ammonia solution and sulfuric acid neutralise via titration

Then evaporate using crystallisation

Ammonium sulphate is produced

59
Q

Producing fertilisers in a lab

A

Small quantity produced
Made in one batch
Glass apparatus
Slow speed

60
Q

Producing fertilisers on an industrial level

A

Large quantities produced
Continuous process
Stainless steel apparatus
Fast speed

GCSE CHEMISTRY (20 decks)

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