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GCSE CHEMISTRY > C19 Using Earth's resources > Flashcards

C19 Using Earth's resources Flashcards

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1
Q

Pure water

A

Just H2O molecules
Nothing else

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2
Q

Potable water

A

Water molecules with low levels of salts

Safe levels of harmful microbes

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3
Q

Salty water

A

Water molecules
Dangerously high levels of salt

Can have high levels of harmful microbes

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4
Q

Fresh water

A

Water molecules
Low levels of salt

High levels of harmful microbes

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5
Q

Where does fresh water come from?

A

Rivers
Lakes
Underground

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6
Q

2 ways salty water can be made in to potable water

A

Distillation
Reverse osmosis

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7
Q

How does reverse osmosis work?

A

Membranes separate salts that are dissolved in the water

Water MUST be pressurised as the salty water corrodes the water pumps

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8
Q

Why must the water be pressurised during reverse osmosis?

A

Otherwise the salty water will corrode the pumps

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9
Q

Disadvantage of reverse osmosis

A

Expensive due to the pressurisation

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10
Q

How can fresh water be made in to potable water?

A

Choose an appropriate source of fresh water

Pass water through filters to remove large objects

Sterilise water to kill any microbes using chlorine, UV light and ozone

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11
Q

3 ways to sterilise fresh water

A

UV
Chlorine
Ozone

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12
Q

How can desalination be carried out?

A

Distillation
Reverse osmosis

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13
Q

What can waste water contain?

A

Harmful microbes
Organic waste
Harmful chemicals

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14
Q

What are the three types of waste water?

A

Sewage
Agricultural waste
Industrial waste

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15
Q

What is the first step in processing waste water?

A

Screening and grit removal

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16
Q

What is the second step in processing waste water?

A

Sedimentation

17
Q

What is sedimentation?

A

Separating water in to sludge and effluent

18
Q

How is sludge treated?

A

1. Anaerobic respiration
- Bacteria are added to digest the organic matter
- Break down the material with limited oxygen

2. Biogas
The anaerobic respiration produces biogas

3. Remaining sludge used as fuel
- It is dried out then burnt for fuel

19
Q

How is effluent treated?

A

Aerobic respiration
- Bacteria are added to effluent
-These bacteria feed on organic matter and microbes

Bacteria is then removed

Discharged back to rivers

20
Q

What is biogas?

A

A mixture of methane, CO2 and hydrogen sulfide

Used as fuel

21
Q

What is phytomining?

A

Using plants to extract copper

22
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Using bacteria to extract copper

23
Q

How does phytomining work?

A

Grow plants near the metal ore

Harvest and burn the plants

Ashes contain the metal compound

Process the ash by electrolysis or displacement with a scrap metal

24
Q

How does bioleaching work?

A

Grow bacteria near the metal ore

Bacteria produce leachate solutions that contain metal compound

Process the leachate by electrolysis or displacement with a scrap metal

25
Q

Advantages of Phytomining and bioleaching

A

Avoid digging and moving large amounts of rock associated with traditional mining methods

26
Q

What type of rock is used for phytomining and bioleaching?

A

LOW GRADE ORES

(Ores with only little copper in them)

27
Q

What is a life cycle assesment?

A

LCA

A way of assessing the energy costs and environmental impact of a product over its lifetime

28
Q

What are the four stages of LCA?

A

Extracting and processing raw materials

Manufacturing and packaging

Use and operation during its lifetime

Disposal

29
Q

How can products be disposed?

A

Landfill
Incineration
Reused
Recycled

GCSE CHEMISTRY (20 decks)

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