C2 Chemical Resources Flashcards
What is a crust
Outer layer of hard rock
What does the earth have ?
A crust, Mantle and a core
What’s the lithosphere
The crust and mantle
It is cold and rigid
What is the mantle
A solid between the crust and core
It is rigid
What is the earths core
It is the center
The inner core is solid
The outer core is liquid
What is the earths surface made up of
Tectonic plates of rock
Where do volcanoes and earthquakes occur?
At the edge of tectonic plates
How much doe tetonic plates move a year
2.5 c,
What do seismic waves tell us?
What’s happening below the crust
What is a shock wave
A seismic wave
What are the two types of wave
P wave and S wave
What does a S wave do?
It travels through mantle and detects solids
What does a p wave do?
It travels through liquid and the inner core
What is Pangea
A super continent that broke into smaller parts to form South America and Africa
How are volcanoes formed
Molten rock
What causes volcanoes to erupt
Oceanic and continental drift
What is subduction
Tectonic plates colliding.
Dense ones are pushed under the less dense ones
What forms igneous rocks?
Volcanic activity
First step of making semimentary rocks
Layers of sediments lay in lakes and rivers
Second step of forming sediment rocks
The layers get compressed
Third step of forming sedimentary rocks
Deposits of minerals create a cement
What is limestone
Sediment rocks and sheshells
Thermal decomposition formulae
Calcium carbonate = calcium oxide +Carbon dioxide
How is metamorphic rocks formed
Others rocks are heated and put under pressure
What is marble
A metamorphic rock made of limestone
What rock does fresh magma form?
Igneous rock.
Honeycomb
One property of igneous rocks
Hard due to crystal minerals
Example of an igneous rock
Graphie
Where are aluminium and iron extracted?
From ores in rocks
How is glass made
Melting sand limestone and soda
What are bricks made from
Clay
What is a problem with extracting rocks
Either emvirment
Quarry’s
Noise and pollution
Danger of unused sites
How can you obtain pure copper
Electrolysis
What does electrolysis mean
Separating with electricity
What’s a cathode
The negative side
What’s a anode
The positive side
What is reduction
The gain of electrons
What is oxidation
The loss of electrons
Oil rig
Oxidation is loss
Reduction is gaiin
What does recycling save
Money and resources
What is an alloy
A mixture of a metal nod other elements
What is steel and alloy of?
Iron and carbon
Brass is an alloy of …..
Copper and zinc
Bronze is an alloy of…..
Copper and tin
Solder is an alloy of…..
Lead and tin
Amalgam is an alloy of….
Mercury
Nitinol is a special alloy why?
It has shape memory
What makes iron corroded
It rusts when in contact with oxygen and watere
Rust equation
Iron +oxygen + water = hydrated iron III oxide
Why is aluminium a better than steel for car bodies
It has a lower density and is lighter
It corrodes less
What elements are used to make a car and where
Steel for body work Aluminium for engine Glass Plastics doors and internal Fibers for covers of seats
What neutralises each other’s
Acids and bases
What is an indicator
a dye that changes colour
The reaction between acids and bases is called what
Neutralisation
Acid+base = salt +water
Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are what?
Alkalis and form neutralisation reactions with acids
Acids and carbonates produce what?
Carbon dioxide, salt and water
Acids and ammonia produce what…..
Ammonium salt
What do fertilisers do?
Provide plants with essential elements for growth
3 things plants need for growth
Nitrogen
Potassium
Phosphorus
What’s the problem with fertilisers
They can damage lakes and rivers
What is the sequence that happens in water due to fertilisers
Mega growth
Mega death
Mega decay
What happens in the water when fertilisers go into lakes and rivers
EUTROPHICATION
Algae multiply to creat an algae bloom and blocks the light.
No photosynthesis = dead plants
Dead plants allow bacteria to decay them
This uses up hue oxygen and the river dies with the fish too.
How do you prepared ammonium nitrate?
You do it in a lab and use a titration to neutralise the acid and base
What is yield
It is the mass of product
The harber process Is a What type of reaction
Reversible one
What does the harber process need
Pressure of 200 atmospheres
Temp of 450
Catalyst of iron
You need to minimise the cost of production on way is energy prices how do you do this?
High temps mean high running costs so lower temps are better
Where is salt mined
Under Cheshire
Electrolysis of brine gives what….
Hydrogen chlorine and NaOH
What is brine?
Sodium chloride sollution
What is given off at the cathode with brine electrolysis?
Hydrogen
What is given off at the anode with brine electrolysis
Chloride gass
what are optimum conditions?
ones that give the lowest production cost
what differs in an euruption of a silica righ rhyolitic lava to an iron-rich basaltic lava euruption
iron-rich basalt lava is runny and so the eurption is fairly safe
silica-rich rhyolite is explosive and produces thick lava which can be violenty blown out of the volcano
