C2 Atoms And Electrons

Question 1

Proton

Answer 1

mass 1

Charge +1

Question 2

Neutron

Answer 2

Mass 1

Charge 0

Question 3

Electron

Answer 3

Mass 1/2000

Charge -1

Question 4

Atomic number

Answer 4

The number of protons in an atom of an element

Sometimes referred to as the proton number

Question 5

Mass number

Answer 5

The number of protons and electrons in the nucleus of an atom
Sometimes referred to as the nucleon number

Question 6

Ion

Answer 6

An electrically charged particle formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons from an atom or a group of atoms

Question 7

Isotopes

Answer 7

Atoms of the same element that have different masses. The isotopes of an element have the same number of protons (and electrons), but different number of neutrons

Question 8

Mass spectrometer

Answer 8

A gaseous sample is bombarded with high energy electrons which knock off electrons from the edge of an atom to create positive ions
They are separated and the 1+ ions are fouces in a stream to pass through a magnetic field at a constant speed
The ions are deflected and the degree of deflection depends on the mass of the ion
ONLY analyses positive ions

Question 9

Mass spectra of elements

Answer 9

Mass spectrometer provides information about the masses of every particle formed in the machine
Looks like a stick diagram
Stick= abundance

Question 10

Molecular ion peak

Answer 10

The peak corresponding to the relative molecular mass of the compound
Sometimes referred to as the parent ion peak

Question 11

Identifying isotopes

Answer 11

Due to the precision isotopes can be found along with small number of ions present in isotopes within the substance

Question 12

Accuracy of mass spectrometer

Answer 12

Originally designed by Francis Aston

Today’s models are much smaller and accurate to 4 d.p

Question 13

Ground state

Answer 13

Show how an atom naturally exists with its electrons in their lowest energy position

Question 14

1st Ionisation energy

Answer 14

The energy required to remove 1 electron from 1 atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to for, 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions

Question 15

2 Ionisation energy

Answer 15

The energy required to remove 1 electron from each 1+ ion in 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions to form 1 mole of gaseous 2+ ions

Question 16

The nth Ionisation energy

Answer 16

The energy required to remove 1 electron from each (n-1)+ ion in 1 mole of gaseous (n-1)+ ions to form 1 mole of gaseous n+ ions

Question 17

Successive ionisation energies

Answer 17

Large jumps in ionisation energy after the 7th and 15th ionisation energy
Indicates 7 electrons in outer shell
Large jumps in ionisation energy indicate a new electron she’ll closer to the nucleus

Question 18

Evidence for the existence of sub shells

Answer 18

Graph: x- atomic number 
             y- first ionisation energies 
Steep incline between H & He 
Rapid decline from He to Li
2 peaks between Li & Ne 
Pattern continues

Question 19

Principle quantum numbers

Answer 19

The numbers 1,2,3 etc.

Which are then divided in various sub shells s,p,d & f

Question 20

Energy levels

Answer 20

S= sharp
P= principle 
D= diffuse
F= fundamental

Question 21

Energy level order

Answer 21

1s 
    2s
2p    3s
    3p    4s
3d    4p    5s
    4d    5p    6s 
4f     5d    6p
    5f     6d
5g    6f 
    6g
6h

Question 22

Orbital

Answer 22

A region around the nucleus of an atom that can hold up to a maximum of 2 electrons

Question 23

S orbital

Answer 23

Simplest type of orbital

Spherical volume of negative charge with the nucleus at the centre

Question 24

P orbital

Answer 24

Elongated dumbbell shape
Variable charge density
Area of greatest concentration increasing with the distance from the nucleus as the principal quantum number increases
Each principal quantum number= 3 p orbitals
Identical, same energy but differing in space
X,y,z = 3 principle axis

Question 25

Box diagram of energy levels

Answer 25

All increase up to 3d then 4s is lower before increasing to 4d then 5s is lower.

Question 26

Electrons in box diagrams

Answer 26

To distinguish between 2 electrons one arrow points up the other down
Also show spin of electrons

Question 27

Electron configuration writing

Answer 27

Can be written using short hand of the last Nobel gas then the other parts.
However write fully in an exam