C2 Acute Inflammation

Question 1

migration of the
leukocytes through the endothelium

Answer 1

transmigration or
diapedesis

Question 2

three possible
outcomes of inflammation

Answer 2

1. 100% RESOLUTION
2. SCAR
3. CHRONIC
   INFLAMMATION

Question 3

Extravasation process of tumbling and heaping of PMNs

Answer 3

Rolling

Question 4

major macrophage-activating cytokine; secreted by natural killer cells reacting to microbes and by antigen-activated T lymphocytes during adaptive immune responses

Answer 4

interferon-γ

Question 5

is a preformed vasoactive
mediator with actions similar to those of histamine

Answer 5

Serotonin

Question 6

found on neutrophils, macrophages, and most other types of leukocytes recognize
short bacterial peptides containing N-formylmethionyl
residues

Answer 6

G protein–coupled receptors

Question 7

process by which leukocytes emigrate in tissues toward the site of injury

Answer 7

chemotaxis

Question 8

relaxes vascular
smooth muscle and promotes vasodilation, thus contributing
to the vascular reaction, but it is also an inhibitor of the
cellular component of inflammatory responses

Answer 8

NO (Nitric oxide)

Question 9

fundamentally a protective response, designed to rid the organism of both the initial cause of cell injury and the consequences of such
injury

Answer 9

Inflammation

Question 10

a cationic protein ofeosinophils, which has limited bactericidal
activity but is cytotoxic to many parasites

Answer 10

major basic protein

Question 11

induced by the action of several
mediators, notably histamine and nitric oxide (NO), on vascular smooth muscle

Answer 11

Vasodilation

Question 12

causes dilation of arterioles and increases the permeability of venules. It is considered to be the principal mediator of the immediate transient phase of increased vascular permeability, producing interendothelial gaps in
venules

Answer 12

histamine

Question 13

Recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation;
migration of cells to normal tissues

Answer 13

Chemotaxis

Question 14

Firm adhesion is mediated by a family of heterodimeric leukocyte surface proteins called

Answer 14

integrins

Question 15

proteins produced by many cell types (principally activated lymphocytes and macrophages, but also endothelial, epithelial, and connective tissue cells) that modulate the functions of other cell types.

Answer 15

Cytokines

Question 16

were originally defi ned as
molecules that bind and mediate endocytosis of oxidized or acetylated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles that can no longer interact with the conventional LDL receptor

Answer 16

Scavenger receptors

Question 17

is rapid in onset and is of short duration, lasting for hours or a few days

Answer 17

Acute Inflammation

Question 18

The process of coating a particle, such as a microbe, to target it for ingestion (phagocytosis)

Answer 18

opsonization

Question 19

a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ
or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tissue

Answer 19

ulcer

Question 20

cationic arginine-rich granule peptides that are toxic to
microbes

Answer 20

defensins

Question 21

marked by the outpouring of a thin fluid that may be derived from the plasma or from the secretions of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

Answer 21

Serous inflammation

Question 22

a process where connective
tissue grows into the area of damage or exudate, converting
it into a mass of fibrous tissue

Answer 22

organization

Question 23

2 examples for chronic inflammation disorders

Answer 23

Arthritis
Asthma
Atherosclerosis
Chronic transplant rejection
Pulmonary fibrosis

Question 24

hydrolyzes the muramic acid–N-acetylglucosamine bond, found in the glycopeptide coat of all bacteria

Answer 24

lysozyme

Question 25

inability of the leukocytes to surround and ingest substances

Answer 25

frustrated phagocytosis

Question 26

counteract actions of leukotrienes

Answer 26

lipoxins

Question 27

From plasma or cells; have "triggering stimulus"; usually have specific targets; can cause cascades and are short lived

Answer 27

Chemical mediators

Question 28

an iron-binding protein present in specific granules

Answer 28

lactoferrin

Question 29

antimicrobial proteins found in neutrophils and other cells

Answer 29

cathelicidins,

Question 30

Chemical mediator found in mast cells and leukocyte; involved in the pathogenesis of pain and fever in inflammation

Answer 30

prostaglandins

Question 31

Increased transport of fluids and proteins through the endothelial cell

Answer 31

Transcytosis

Question 32

Type of fluid in inflammation

Answer 32

Exudate

Question 33

ligand for the LFA-1 and Mac-1 integrins)

Answer 33

ICAM-1

Question 34

It is of longer duration and is associated with the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages, the proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue destruction

Answer 34

Chronic Inflammation

Question 35

3 sequential steps of Phagocytosis

Answer 35

1. Recognition & Attachment 2. Engulfment 3. Killing

Question 36

The escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue or body cavities

Answer 36

Exudation

Question 37

recognizes microbes and not host cells

Answer 37

mannose receptor

Question 38

a purulent exudate, is an inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes (mostly neutrophils), the debris of dead cells and, in many cases, microbes

Answer 38

Pus

Question 39

a vasodilator, a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and also markedly potentiates the permeability-increasing and chemotactic effects of other mediators

Answer 39

Prostacyclin

Question 40

Ligands for selectins

Answer 40

Sialyl-Lewis X–modifi ed proteins

Question 41

an autosomal recessive condition characterized by defective fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes in phagocytes (causing susceptibility to infections), and abnormalities in melanocytes (leading to albinism), cells of the nervous system (associated with nerve defects), and platelets (causing bleeding disorders)

Answer 41

Chédiak-Higashi syndrome

Question 42

Cytokine that Stimulates expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and secretion of other cytokines; systemic effects

Answer 42

TNF

Question 43

are secreted mainly by leukocytes, are chemoattractants for leukocytes, and also have vascular effects

Answer 43

leukotrienes

Question 44

process of leukocyte redistribution

Answer 44

margination

Question 45

“PROTECTIVE” Response; Non-specific

Answer 45

Acute Inflammation

Question 46

one of the earliest manifestations of acute infl ammation; sometimes it follows a transient constriction of arterioles, lasting a few seconds

Answer 46

vasodilation

Question 47

denotes an excess of fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities; it can be either an exudate or a transudate

Answer 47

Edema

Question 48

capable of degrading various extracellular components, such as collagen, basement membrane, fi brin, elastin, and cartilage, resulting in the tissue destruction that accompanies inflammatory processes

Answer 48

Neutral proteases

Question 49

an extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, contains cellular debris, and has a high specific gravity

Answer 49

Exudate

Question 50

the ligand for the VLA-4 integrin

Answer 50

VCAM-1

Question 51

Enumerate the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 51

Rubor Tumor Calor Dolor Functio laesa

Question 52

Prominent leukocyte to respond during an acute inflammation

Answer 52

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophils)

Question 53

These “sentinel” cells are stationed in tissues to rapidly recognize potentially injurious stimuli and initiate the host defense reaction.

Answer 53

mast cells and tissue macrophages

Question 54

increases vascular permeability and causes contraction of smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels, and pain when injected into the skin

Answer 54

bradykinins

Question 55

present in mast cell granules and is released by mast cell degranulation in response to a variety of stimuli

Answer 55

Histamine

Question 56

initial rolling interactions are mediated by this family of proteins and are an adhesion molecules from endothelial cells

Answer 56

Selectins

Question 57

Its presence implies an increase in the normal permeability of small blood vessels in an area of injury and, therefore, an inflammatory reaction

Answer 57

Exudate

Question 58

a fluid with low protein content (most of which is albumin), little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity

Answer 58

Transudate

Question 59

very very powerful destructive agent of neutrophils

Answer 59

hydroxyl radical (*OH)

Question 60

main characteristics are the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema) and the emigration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils

Answer 60

Acute inflammation

Question 61

inhibits leukocyte recruitment and the cellular components of inflammation; also generated from AA by the lipoxygenase pathway

Answer 61

Lipoxins

Question 62

degrade bacteria and debris within the phagolysosomes, in which an acid pH is readily reached.

Answer 62

Acid proteases

Question 63

results from inherited defects in the genes encoding components of phagocyte oxidase, which generates O2

Answer 63

Chronic granulomatous disease

Question 64

recognize components of different types of microbes;

Answer 64

Toll-like receptors

Question 65

responsible for the production of leukotrienes

Answer 65

lipoxygenase enzymes

Question 66

Accumulation of fluid within the extravascular component and interstitial tissues

Answer 66

Edema

Question 67

collections of activated macrophages that wall off the microbes; forming aggregates

Answer 67

granulomas

Question 68

localized collections of purulent inflammatory tissue caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space

Answer 68

Abscess

Question 69

It is essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma that results from osmotic or hydrostatic imbalance across the vessel wall without an increase in vascular permeability

Answer 69

Transudate

Question 70

produced from arginine by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), also participates in microbial killing

Answer 70

NO (Nitric oxide)

Question 71

This type of inflammation is characterized by the production of large amounts of pus or purulent exudate consisting of neutrophils, liquefactive necrosis, and edema fluid

Answer 71

SUPPURATIVE OR PURULENT INFLAMMATION;

Question 72

Give 3 examples of Acute inflammation disorders

Answer 72

Acute respiratory distress syndrome Acute transplant rejection Asthma Glomerulonephritis Septic shock Lung abscess

Question 73

present in platelets and certain neuroendocrine cells, e.g. in the gastrointestinal tract, and in mast cells in rodents but not humans

Answer 73

Serotonin

Question 74

vasoactive peptides derived from plasma proteins, called kininogens, by the action of specific proteases called kallikreins.

Answer 74

Kinins