C2 Acute Inflammation Flashcards
migration of the
leukocytes through the endothelium
transmigration or
diapedesis
three possible
outcomes of inflammation
- 100% RESOLUTION
- SCAR
- CHRONIC
INFLAMMATION
Extravasation process of tumbling and heaping of PMNs
Rolling
major macrophage-activating cytokine; secreted by natural killer cells reacting to microbes and by antigen-activated T lymphocytes during adaptive immune responses
interferon-γ
is a preformed vasoactive
mediator with actions similar to those of histamine
Serotonin
found on neutrophils, macrophages, and most other types of leukocytes recognize
short bacterial peptides containing N-formylmethionyl
residues
G protein–coupled receptors
process by which leukocytes emigrate in tissues toward the site of injury
chemotaxis
relaxes vascular
smooth muscle and promotes vasodilation, thus contributing
to the vascular reaction, but it is also an inhibitor of the
cellular component of inflammatory responses
NO (Nitric oxide)
fundamentally a protective response, designed to rid the organism of both the initial cause of cell injury and the consequences of such
injury
Inflammation
a cationic protein ofeosinophils, which has limited bactericidal
activity but is cytotoxic to many parasites
major basic protein
induced by the action of several
mediators, notably histamine and nitric oxide (NO), on vascular smooth muscle
Vasodilation
causes dilation of arterioles and increases the permeability of venules. It is considered to be the principal mediator of the immediate transient phase of increased vascular permeability, producing interendothelial gaps in
venules
histamine
Recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation;
migration of cells to normal tissues
Chemotaxis
Firm adhesion is mediated by a family of heterodimeric leukocyte surface proteins called
integrins
proteins produced by many cell types (principally activated lymphocytes and macrophages, but also endothelial, epithelial, and connective tissue cells) that modulate the functions of other cell types.
Cytokines
were originally defi ned as
molecules that bind and mediate endocytosis of oxidized or acetylated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles that can no longer interact with the conventional LDL receptor
Scavenger receptors
is rapid in onset and is of short duration, lasting for hours or a few days
Acute Inflammation
The process of coating a particle, such as a microbe, to target it for ingestion (phagocytosis)
opsonization
a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ
or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tissue
ulcer
cationic arginine-rich granule peptides that are toxic to
microbes
defensins
marked by the outpouring of a thin fluid that may be derived from the plasma or from the secretions of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.
Serous inflammation
a process where connective
tissue grows into the area of damage or exudate, converting
it into a mass of fibrous tissue
organization
2 examples for chronic inflammation disorders
Arthritis
Asthma
Atherosclerosis
Chronic transplant rejection
Pulmonary fibrosis
hydrolyzes the muramic acid–N-acetylglucosamine bond, found in the glycopeptide coat of all bacteria
lysozyme
inability of the leukocytes
to surround and ingest substances
frustrated phagocytosis
counteract actions of leukotrienes
lipoxins
From plasma or cells; have “triggering stimulus”; usually have specific targets; can cause cascades and are short lived
Chemical mediators
an iron-binding protein present in specific granules
lactoferrin
antimicrobial proteins found in neutrophils and other cells
cathelicidins,
Chemical mediator found in mast cells and leukocyte; involved in the pathogenesis of pain and fever in inflammation
prostaglandins
Increased transport of fluids and proteins through the endothelial cell
Transcytosis
Type of fluid in inflammation
Exudate
ligand for the LFA-1
and Mac-1 integrins)
ICAM-1
It is of longer duration and is associated with the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages, the proliferation
of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue destruction
Chronic Inflammation
3 sequential steps of Phagocytosis
- Recognition & Attachment
- Engulfment
- Killing
The escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue
or body cavities
Exudation
recognizes microbes and
not host cells
mannose receptor
a purulent exudate, is an inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes (mostly neutrophils), the debris of dead cells and, in many cases, microbes
Pus
a vasodilator, a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and also markedly potentiates the permeability-increasing and chemotactic effects of other
mediators
Prostacyclin
Ligands for selectins
Sialyl-Lewis X–modifi ed proteins
an autosomal recessive
condition characterized by defective fusion of phagosomes
and lysosomes in phagocytes (causing susceptibility to
infections), and abnormalities in melanocytes (leading to
albinism), cells of the nervous system (associated with
nerve defects), and platelets (causing bleeding disorders)
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
Cytokine that Stimulates expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and secretion of other cytokines;
systemic effects
TNF
are secreted mainly by leukocytes, are chemoattractants for leukocytes, and also have
vascular effects
leukotrienes
process of leukocyte redistribution
margination
“PROTECTIVE” Response; Non-specific
Acute Inflammation
one of the earliest manifestations of acute
infl ammation; sometimes it follows a transient constriction
of arterioles, lasting a few seconds
vasodilation
denotes an excess of fluid
in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities; it can be either an exudate or a transudate
Edema
capable of degrading various extracellular components, such as collagen, basement membrane, fi brin, elastin,
and cartilage, resulting in the tissue destruction that accompanies inflammatory processes
Neutral proteases
an extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, contains cellular debris, and has a high specific gravity
Exudate
the ligand for the VLA-4 integrin
VCAM-1
Enumerate the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation
Rubor
Tumor
Calor
Dolor
Functio laesa
Prominent leukocyte to respond during an acute inflammation
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophils)
These “sentinel” cells are stationed in tissues to rapidly recognize potentially injurious stimuli and initiate the host defense reaction.
mast cells and tissue macrophages
increases vascular permeability and causes contraction of smooth muscle, dilation of
blood vessels, and pain when injected into the skin
bradykinins
present in mast cell granules and is released by mast cell degranulation in response to a variety of stimuli
Histamine
initial rolling interactions are mediated by this family of proteins and are an adhesion molecules from endothelial cells
Selectins
Its presence implies an increase in the normal permeability of small blood vessels in an area of injury and, therefore, an inflammatory reaction
Exudate
a fluid with low protein content (most of which is albumin), little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity
Transudate
very very powerful destructive
agent of neutrophils
hydroxyl radical (*OH)
main characteristics are the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema) and the emigration of leukocytes,
predominantly
neutrophils
Acute inflammation
inhibits leukocyte recruitment and the cellular components of inflammation; also generated from AA by the lipoxygenase
pathway
Lipoxins
degrade bacteria and debris within the phagolysosomes, in which an acid pH is readily reached.
Acid proteases
results from inherited defects in the genes encoding components of phagocyte oxidase, which generates O2
Chronic granulomatous disease
recognize components of different types of microbes;
Toll-like receptors
responsible for the production of leukotrienes
lipoxygenase enzymes
Accumulation of fluid within the
extravascular component and interstitial
tissues
Edema
collections of activated macrophages that wall off the microbes; forming aggregates
granulomas
localized collections
of purulent inflammatory tissue caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space
Abscess
It is essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma that results from osmotic or hydrostatic
imbalance across the vessel wall without an increase in vascular permeability
Transudate
produced from arginine by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), also participates in microbial killing
NO (Nitric oxide)
This type of inflammation is characterized by the production
of large amounts of pus or purulent exudate consisting of neutrophils, liquefactive necrosis, and edema fluid
SUPPURATIVE OR PURULENT
INFLAMMATION;
Give 3 examples of Acute inflammation disorders
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute transplant rejection
Asthma
Glomerulonephritis
Septic shock
Lung abscess
present in platelets and certain neuroendocrine cells, e.g. in
the gastrointestinal tract, and in mast cells in rodents but not
humans
Serotonin
vasoactive peptides derived from plasma proteins,
called kininogens, by the action of specific proteases called kallikreins.
Kinins
