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Histopath > C2 Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

C2 Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

migration of the
leukocytes through the endothelium

A

transmigration or
diapedesis

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2
Q

three possible
outcomes of inflammation

A
  1. 100% RESOLUTION
  2. SCAR
  3. CHRONIC
    INFLAMMATION
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3
Q

Extravasation process of tumbling and heaping of PMNs

A

Rolling

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4
Q

major macrophage-activating cytokine; secreted by natural killer cells reacting to microbes and by antigen-activated T lymphocytes during adaptive immune responses

A

interferon-γ

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5
Q

is a preformed vasoactive
mediator with actions similar to those of histamine

A

Serotonin

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6
Q

found on neutrophils, macrophages, and most other types of leukocytes recognize
short bacterial peptides containing N-formylmethionyl
residues

A

G protein–coupled receptors

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7
Q

process by which leukocytes emigrate in tissues toward the site of injury

A

chemotaxis

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8
Q

relaxes vascular
smooth muscle and promotes vasodilation, thus contributing
to the vascular reaction, but it is also an inhibitor of the
cellular component of inflammatory responses

A

NO (Nitric oxide)

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9
Q

fundamentally a protective response, designed to rid the organism of both the initial cause of cell injury and the consequences of such
injury

A

Inflammation

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10
Q

a cationic protein ofeosinophils, which has limited bactericidal
activity but is cytotoxic to many parasites

A

major basic protein

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11
Q

induced by the action of several
mediators, notably histamine and nitric oxide (NO), on vascular smooth muscle

A

Vasodilation

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12
Q

causes dilation of arterioles and increases the permeability of venules. It is considered to be the principal mediator of the immediate transient phase of increased vascular permeability, producing interendothelial gaps in
venules

A

histamine

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13
Q

Recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation;
migration of cells to normal tissues

A

Chemotaxis

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14
Q

Firm adhesion is mediated by a family of heterodimeric leukocyte surface proteins called

A

integrins

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15
Q

proteins produced by many cell types (principally activated lymphocytes and macrophages, but also endothelial, epithelial, and connective tissue cells) that modulate the functions of other cell types.

A

Cytokines

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16
Q

were originally defi ned as
molecules that bind and mediate endocytosis of oxidized or acetylated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles that can no longer interact with the conventional LDL receptor

A

Scavenger receptors

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17
Q

is rapid in onset and is of short duration, lasting for hours or a few days

A

Acute Inflammation

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18
Q

The process of coating a particle, such as a microbe, to target it for ingestion (phagocytosis)

A

opsonization

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19
Q

a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ
or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tissue

A

ulcer

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20
Q

cationic arginine-rich granule peptides that are toxic to
microbes

A

defensins

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21
Q

marked by the outpouring of a thin fluid that may be derived from the plasma or from the secretions of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

A

Serous inflammation

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22
Q

a process where connective
tissue grows into the area of damage or exudate, converting
it into a mass of fibrous tissue

A

organization

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23
Q

2 examples for chronic inflammation disorders

A

Arthritis
Asthma
Atherosclerosis
Chronic transplant rejection
Pulmonary fibrosis

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24
Q

hydrolyzes the muramic acid–N-acetylglucosamine bond, found in the glycopeptide coat of all bacteria

A

lysozyme

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25
Q

inability of the leukocytes
to surround and ingest substances

A

frustrated phagocytosis

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26
Q

counteract actions of leukotrienes

A

lipoxins

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27
Q

From plasma or cells; have “triggering stimulus”; usually have specific targets; can cause cascades and are short lived

A

Chemical mediators

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28
Q

an iron-binding protein present in specific granules

A

lactoferrin

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29
Q

antimicrobial proteins found in neutrophils and other cells

A

cathelicidins,

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30
Q

Chemical mediator found in mast cells and leukocyte; involved in the pathogenesis of pain and fever in inflammation

A

prostaglandins

31
Q

Increased transport of fluids and proteins through the endothelial cell

A

Transcytosis

32
Q

Type of fluid in inflammation

A

Exudate

33
Q

ligand for the LFA-1
and Mac-1 integrins)

A

ICAM-1

34
Q

It is of longer duration and is associated with the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages, the proliferation
of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue destruction

A

Chronic Inflammation

35
Q

3 sequential steps of Phagocytosis

A
  1. Recognition & Attachment
  2. Engulfment
  3. Killing
36
Q

The escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue
or body cavities

A

Exudation

37
Q

recognizes microbes and
not host cells

A

mannose receptor

38
Q

a purulent exudate, is an inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes (mostly neutrophils), the debris of dead cells and, in many cases, microbes

A

Pus

39
Q

a vasodilator, a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and also markedly potentiates the permeability-increasing and chemotactic effects of other
mediators

A

Prostacyclin

40
Q

Ligands for selectins

A

Sialyl-Lewis X–modifi ed proteins

41
Q

an autosomal recessive
condition characterized by defective fusion of phagosomes
and lysosomes in phagocytes (causing susceptibility to
infections), and abnormalities in melanocytes (leading to
albinism), cells of the nervous system (associated with
nerve defects), and platelets (causing bleeding disorders)

A

Chédiak-Higashi syndrome

42
Q

Cytokine that Stimulates expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and secretion of other cytokines;
systemic effects

A

TNF

43
Q

are secreted mainly by leukocytes, are chemoattractants for leukocytes, and also have
vascular effects

A

leukotrienes

44
Q

process of leukocyte redistribution

A

margination

45
Q

“PROTECTIVE” Response; Non-specific

A

Acute Inflammation

46
Q

one of the earliest manifestations of acute
infl ammation; sometimes it follows a transient constriction
of arterioles, lasting a few seconds

A

vasodilation

47
Q

denotes an excess of fluid
in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities; it can be either an exudate or a transudate

A

Edema

48
Q

capable of degrading various extracellular components, such as collagen, basement membrane, fi brin, elastin,
and cartilage, resulting in the tissue destruction that accompanies inflammatory processes

A

Neutral proteases

49
Q

an extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, contains cellular debris, and has a high specific gravity

A

Exudate

50
Q

the ligand for the VLA-4 integrin

A

VCAM-1

51
Q

Enumerate the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Rubor
Tumor
Calor
Dolor
Functio laesa

52
Q

Prominent leukocyte to respond during an acute inflammation

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophils)

53
Q

These “sentinel” cells are stationed in tissues to rapidly recognize potentially injurious stimuli and initiate the host defense reaction.

A

mast cells and tissue macrophages

54
Q

increases vascular permeability and causes contraction of smooth muscle, dilation of
blood vessels, and pain when injected into the skin

A

bradykinins

55
Q

present in mast cell granules and is released by mast cell degranulation in response to a variety of stimuli

A

Histamine

56
Q

initial rolling interactions are mediated by this family of proteins and are an adhesion molecules from endothelial cells

A

Selectins

57
Q

Its presence implies an increase in the normal permeability of small blood vessels in an area of injury and, therefore, an inflammatory reaction

A

Exudate

58
Q

a fluid with low protein content (most of which is albumin), little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity

A

Transudate

59
Q

very very powerful destructive
agent of neutrophils

A

hydroxyl radical (*OH)

60
Q

main characteristics are the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema) and the emigration of leukocytes,
predominantly
neutrophils

A

Acute inflammation

61
Q

inhibits leukocyte recruitment and the cellular components of inflammation; also generated from AA by the lipoxygenase
pathway

A

Lipoxins

62
Q

degrade bacteria and debris within the phagolysosomes, in which an acid pH is readily reached.

A

Acid proteases

63
Q

results from inherited defects in the genes encoding components of phagocyte oxidase, which generates O2

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

64
Q

recognize components of different types of microbes;

A

Toll-like receptors

65
Q

responsible for the production of leukotrienes

A

lipoxygenase enzymes

66
Q

Accumulation of fluid within the
extravascular component and interstitial
tissues

A

Edema

67
Q

collections of activated macrophages that wall off the microbes; forming aggregates

A

granulomas

68
Q

localized collections
of purulent inflammatory tissue caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space

A

Abscess

69
Q

It is essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma that results from osmotic or hydrostatic
imbalance across the vessel wall without an increase in vascular permeability

A

Transudate

70
Q

produced from arginine by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), also participates in microbial killing

A

NO (Nitric oxide)

71
Q

This type of inflammation is characterized by the production
of large amounts of pus or purulent exudate consisting of neutrophils, liquefactive necrosis, and edema fluid

A

SUPPURATIVE OR PURULENT
INFLAMMATION;

72
Q

Give 3 examples of Acute inflammation disorders

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute transplant rejection
Asthma
Glomerulonephritis
Septic shock
Lung abscess

73
Q

present in platelets and certain neuroendocrine cells, e.g. in
the gastrointestinal tract, and in mast cells in rodents but not
humans

A

Serotonin

74
Q

vasoactive peptides derived from plasma proteins,
called kininogens, by the action of specific proteases called kallikreins.

A

Kinins

Histopath (4 decks)

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