C1 HistoPath Flashcards
Metaplasia that pertains to the formation of bones in muscles
myositis ossificans
a form of necrosis in which the architecture of dead tissues is preserved for a span of at least some days
Coagulative necrosis
an increase in the number of cells in an organ or
tissue, usually resulting in increased mass of the organ or tissue.
Hyperplasia
usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply and has undergone necrosis (typically coagulative necrosis) involving
multiple tissue planes
Gangrenous necrosis
A localized area of coagulative necrosis
infarct.
a special form of necrosis
usually seen in immune reactions involving blood
vessels.
Fibrinoid necrosis
Decreased nutrients, decreased stimulation
Atrophy
reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a
decrease in cell size and number.
Atrophy
This pattern of necrosis typically occurs when complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of arteries.
Fibrinoid necrosis
end result of progressive cell injury
Cell death
prolonged moderate hypoxia, such as that produced
by profound anemia, causes intracellular deposits of
fat, which create grossly apparent bands of yellowed
myocardium alternating with bands of darker, redbrown, uninvolved myocardium
tigered effect)
are reversible functional and
structural responses to more severe physiologic stresses and
some pathologic stimuli, during which new but altered steady
states are achieved, allowing the cell to survive and continue
to function
Adaptations
a pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated suicide program in which cells destined to die activate enzymes that degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins.
Apoptosis
results from decreased protein synthesis and increased
protein degradation in cells
Atrophy
caused by excesses
of hormones or growth factors acting on target cells
Hyperplasia
result of increased production of cellular proteins
Hypertrophy
4 Aspects of Disease Process
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Molecular And Microscopic
- Clinical Manifestations
A type of hyperplasia which increases tissue mass after damage or partial resection
Compensatory hyperplasia
result of denaturation of intracellular proteins and enzymatic digestion of the lethally injured cell
Necrosis
Steatosis and fatty change describe abnormal accumulations of triglycerides within parenchymal cells
Lipids
a reversible change in which one differentiated cell
type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type.
Metaplasia
refer to the structural alterations in cells or tissues
that are either characteristic of a disease or diagnostic of an
etiologic process.
Molecular and Morphologic Changes.
cheeselike
Caseous necrosis
a normal phenomenon that serves to eliminate cells that are no longer needed, and to maintain a steady
number of various cell populations in tissues.
Apoptosis
Accumulation of this substance in the liver may result from excessive entry or defective metabolism and export of lipids
Triglycerides
Chronic irritation
Metaplasia
A type of hyperplasia that increases the functional capacity of a tissue when needed
Hormonal hyperplasia
a deficiency of oxygen,
which causes cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration.
Hypoxia
Chemical species that have a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit
Free Radicals
refers to the sequence of
events in the response of cells or tissues to the etiologic agent,
from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease.
Pathogenesis
When bacterial infection is
superimposed there is more liquefactive necrosis
because of the actions of degradative enzymes in the bacteria and the attracted leukocytes (giving rise to
so-called ____
wet gangrene)
Common example of Metaplasia from squamous to columnar type
Barret’s esophagus
characterized by digestion of the dead cells, resulting in transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass
Liquefactive necrosis
result of growth factor–driven proliferation of mature cells and, in some cases, by increased output of new
cells from tissue stem cells.
Hyperplasia
encountered most often in
foci of tuberculous infection
Caseous necrosis
Cellular Adaptation: embryonic structures, such as the notochord and thyroglossal duct
Atrophy
the necrotic area appears as a collection of fragmented or lysed cellsand amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinctive infl mmatory border; this appearance is characteristic of a focus of inflammation known as a granuloma
Caseous necrosis
result of a reprogramming of stem cells that are known to exist in normal tissues, or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells present in connective tissue
Metaplasia
refers to an increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.
Hypertrophy
cellular swelling and fatty change in light microscope
Reversible injury
The necrotic material is frequently creamy yellow because of the presence of dead leukocytes and is called pus.
Liquefactive necrosis
most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle
increased workload
refers to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from release of activated pancreatic lipases into the substance of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity
Fat necrosis
