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Biology > C2 > Flashcards

C2 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the tectonic plate

A

Its the top of the lithosphere and its cracked into several interlocking pieces

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2
Q

Explain why the plates can sit on the mantle

A

Because the plates are less denser than the mantle itself

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3
Q

At what speed does the earth and its crust move and how do they move

A

They move at the speed of 2.5 cm a year .the plates can move apart ,towards ,or slide past each other

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4
Q

What does the movement of the plates cause at the plate boundaries

A

Earthquakes and volcanoes

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5
Q

How do volcanoes form

A

They form when molten rock finds its way through the earths surface.
Usually at plate boundaries or where the crust is weak

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6
Q

How is igneous rocks formed

A

Its formed when molten rock cools down

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7
Q

Explain the crystals in igneous rocks

A

Igneous rocks are hard and have interlocking crystals
Large crystals form when molten rock cools slowly
Small crystals form when melton rock cools quickly

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8
Q

What metals are extracted from rocks called ores

A

Iron and aluminium

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9
Q

What is brick made of

A

Clay when its baked

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10
Q

What is glass made of

A

Sand which is small grains of rock

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the earth

A

The earths structure is layered .the core is almost halfs the earths radius .the mantle extends almost halfway to the centre of the earth.the crust is the thin layer around the earth

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12
Q

What is the core mostly made of

A

Iron

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13
Q

Where does the oceanic crust lie

A

Beneath the oceans

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14
Q

What does the continental plates form

A

Forms the continents

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15
Q

Which of the rocks in the mantle and crust have a higher density than each other

A

The mantle has a higher density than the rock in the crust

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16
Q

What is aggregate

A

Crushed rock or gravel

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17
Q

which is easier to shape granite limestone or marble

A

Limestone its the easiest to shape because its the softest

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18
Q

Describe the impact in which mining and quarrying has on the environment

A

Its noisy
Dusty
Takes up land
Changes the shape of the land scape

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19
Q

What can limestone and marble both a form of

A

Calcium. Carbonate

Caco3

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20
Q

Write the word equation when calcium carbonate is heated and broken down

A

Calcium carbonate ->calcium oxide +carbon dioxide

Caco3->cao+co2

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21
Q

What is thermal decomposition

A

When a material is heated and breaks down into two new substances

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22
Q

What happens when clay and limestone are heated together

A

Cement is made

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23
Q

Whats the main use of cement

A

To make concrete

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24
Q

How can concrete be strengthened

A

To set steel rods around it so it reinforces it

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25
Why is copper a useful metal
Because it is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and doesn't corrode
26
How is copper made
By heating naturally occurring copper ore with carbon
27
What is a reduction reaction
Oxygen being removed when copper is being made
28
What does electrolysis do
When new and recycled copper is being purified
29
What is an alloy
Its a mixture of a metal with another element
30
What is amalgam ,brass and solder used for and what are they made of
Amalgam(made of mercury) used for filling teeth Brass ( made of copper and zinc )used in coins and door handles Solder (made of lead and tin) and is used to join electrical wires
31
Which is denser lead or solder and which is stronger
Lead is denser than solder | Solder is stronger than lead
32
What does rusting need
Iron water and oxygen in the air
33
What is the adding of oxygen to iron called
Oxidation reaction
34
What metal doesn't corrode snd why doesn't it
Aluminium because it forms a layer of aluminium oxide when it comes in to contact with air .this stops any more air or water from coming into contact with the metal
35
What are the only two metals that rust
Iron and steel other metals corrode
36
Explain the lithosphere
Its the relatively cold rigid outer part of the earths crust,consisting of the crust and the outer part of the mantle
37
Properties of using aluminium or iron
Both good electrical conductors Alluminium -doesnt corrode whereas iron does It is less dense then iron so its lighter Iron-is cheaper than aluminium It is magnetic and alluminim isnt so it can be seperated for recycling easily
38
What gas is ammonia and what is it made of
Its an alkaline gas | Made from hydrogen and nitrogen
39
Why is it hard to combine nitrogen and hydrogen
Bescause the reaction is reversible
40
What is an reversible reaction
It can be changed back to how it was before
41
Write the formula for making ammonia
Nitrogen +hydrogen ->ammonia
42
What can ammonia be used to make
To make nitric acid and fertilisers
43
Waht so the process for making ammonia
Nitrogen and hydrogen is compressed to a high temperature and passed into a reactor . The gases are then passed over an iron catalyst . 28% is ammmonia The unreacted gases are collected when its cooled and the unreacted gases are recycled
44
Where is nitrogen and hydrogen obtained from
Nitrogen obtained from the air | Hydrogen fro. Natural gas or the crackingof crude oil
45
What does the cost of making new substances depend on
The price of the energy How quickly the new substances can be made The cost of the equipment
46
Examples of factors that effect costs for making new substances
The pressure higher the pressure the higher the cost | The higher the temp the higher the cost
47
What are acids
Substances that contain hydrogen ions | Acids have a ph of less than seven
48
What is ph a measure of
Its a measure of concentrate of hydrogen ions in the solution
49
What are bases
Bases are the oxides and hydroxides of metals.
50
What are alkalies
Bases that are soluble
51
How can we determine the ph of a solution and how does this happen
By using a universal indicator .you do this by adding a few drops of the solution to the substance and comparing the results to the ph chart The universal indicator changes the colour gradually as the ph changes
52
What is neutralisation
The adding of acids and bases in the correct amounts.they are chemical opposites and cancel each other out
53
What is formed when acids and bases are added
Acid +base->salt +water
54
When carbonates neutralise acids what else is produced besides salt and water
Carbon dioxide
55
How do you work out the salt from neutralisation reaction give a word equation as an example
The first name comes from the name of the base and the second part comes from the acid. Potassium hydroxide+nitric acid->potassium nitrate +water
56
What are fertilisers and what are they used for
Chemicals farmers use in order to provide their plants with essential elements They increase crop yield
57
What are the three main essentials found in fertilisers
Nitrogen N Phosphorus P Pottasium K
58
Benefits and problems for using fertilisers
It helps us grow more food | The chemicals can pollute the water and cause death to water creatures (eutrophication)
59
What is the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride known as
Salt solution or brine
60
What is formed at the cathode negative electrode
Hydrogen
61
What is formed at the anode positive electrode
Chlorine
62
What else is formed n the electrolysis sodium clhoride
Sodium hydroxide
63
Name the uses for the products obtained from the electrolusis
Hydrogen-margarine Sodium hydroxide -soap Chlorine-to sterilise water Chlorine and sodium hydroxide used to make bleach
64
What is the test for chlorine
Using litmus paper,if chlorine is present it bleaches the litmus paper.
65
Where can sodium chloride be obtained from
Sea water

Biology (5 decks)

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