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Biology > C2 > Flashcards

C2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the tectonic plate

A

Its the top of the lithosphere and its cracked into several interlocking pieces

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2
Q

Explain why the plates can sit on the mantle

A

Because the plates are less denser than the mantle itself

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3
Q

At what speed does the earth and its crust move and how do they move

A

They move at the speed of 2.5 cm a year .the plates can move apart ,towards ,or slide past each other

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4
Q

What does the movement of the plates cause at the plate boundaries

A

Earthquakes and volcanoes

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5
Q

How do volcanoes form

A

They form when molten rock finds its way through the earths surface.
Usually at plate boundaries or where the crust is weak

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6
Q

How is igneous rocks formed

A

Its formed when molten rock cools down

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7
Q

Explain the crystals in igneous rocks

A

Igneous rocks are hard and have interlocking crystals
Large crystals form when molten rock cools slowly
Small crystals form when melton rock cools quickly

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8
Q

What metals are extracted from rocks called ores

A

Iron and aluminium

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9
Q

What is brick made of

A

Clay when its baked

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10
Q

What is glass made of

A

Sand which is small grains of rock

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the earth

A

The earths structure is layered .the core is almost halfs the earths radius .the mantle extends almost halfway to the centre of the earth.the crust is the thin layer around the earth

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12
Q

What is the core mostly made of

A

Iron

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13
Q

Where does the oceanic crust lie

A

Beneath the oceans

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14
Q

What does the continental plates form

A

Forms the continents

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15
Q

Which of the rocks in the mantle and crust have a higher density than each other

A

The mantle has a higher density than the rock in the crust

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16
Q

What is aggregate

A

Crushed rock or gravel

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17
Q

which is easier to shape granite limestone or marble

A

Limestone its the easiest to shape because its the softest

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18
Q

Describe the impact in which mining and quarrying has on the environment

A

Its noisy
Dusty
Takes up land
Changes the shape of the land scape

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19
Q

What can limestone and marble both a form of

A

Calcium. Carbonate

Caco3

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20
Q

Write the word equation when calcium carbonate is heated and broken down

A

Calcium carbonate ->calcium oxide +carbon dioxide

Caco3->cao+co2

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21
Q

What is thermal decomposition

A

When a material is heated and breaks down into two new substances

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22
Q

What happens when clay and limestone are heated together

A

Cement is made

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23
Q

Whats the main use of cement

A

To make concrete

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24
Q

How can concrete be strengthened

A

To set steel rods around it so it reinforces it

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25
Q

Why is copper a useful metal

A

Because it is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and doesn’t corrode

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26
Q

How is copper made

A

By heating naturally occurring copper ore with carbon

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27
Q

What is a reduction reaction

A

Oxygen being removed when copper is being made

28
Q

What does electrolysis do

A

When new and recycled copper is being purified

29
Q

What is an alloy

A

Its a mixture of a metal with another element

30
Q

What is amalgam ,brass and solder used for and what are they made of

A

Amalgam(made of mercury) used for filling teeth
Brass ( made of copper and zinc )used in coins and door handles
Solder (made of lead and tin) and is used to join electrical wires

31
Q

Which is denser lead or solder and which is stronger

A

Lead is denser than solder

Solder is stronger than lead

32
Q

What does rusting need

A

Iron water and oxygen in the air

33
Q

What is the adding of oxygen to iron called

A

Oxidation reaction

34
Q

What metal doesn’t corrode snd why doesn’t it

A

Aluminium because it forms a layer of aluminium oxide when it comes in to contact with air .this stops any more air or water from coming into contact with the metal

35
Q

What are the only two metals that rust

A

Iron and steel other metals corrode

36
Q

Explain the lithosphere

A

Its the relatively cold rigid outer part of the earths crust,consisting of the crust and the outer part of the mantle

37
Q

Properties of using aluminium or iron

A

Both good electrical conductors
Alluminium -doesnt corrode whereas iron does
It is less dense then iron so its lighter
Iron-is cheaper than aluminium
It is magnetic and alluminim isnt so it can be seperated for recycling easily

38
Q

What gas is ammonia and what is it made of

A

Its an alkaline gas

Made from hydrogen and nitrogen

39
Q

Why is it hard to combine nitrogen and hydrogen

A

Bescause the reaction is reversible

40
Q

What is an reversible reaction

A

It can be changed back to how it was before

41
Q

Write the formula for making ammonia

A

Nitrogen +hydrogen ->ammonia

42
Q

What can ammonia be used to make

A

To make nitric acid and fertilisers

43
Q

Waht so the process for making ammonia

A

Nitrogen and hydrogen is compressed to a high temperature and passed into a reactor . The gases are then passed over an iron catalyst .
28% is ammmonia
The unreacted gases are collected when its cooled and the unreacted gases are recycled

44
Q

Where is nitrogen and hydrogen obtained from

A

Nitrogen obtained from the air

Hydrogen fro. Natural gas or the crackingof crude oil

45
Q

What does the cost of making new substances depend on

A

The price of the energy
How quickly the new substances can be made
The cost of the equipment

46
Q

Examples of factors that effect costs for making new substances

A

The pressure higher the pressure the higher the cost

The higher the temp the higher the cost

47
Q

What are acids

A

Substances that contain hydrogen ions

Acids have a ph of less than seven

48
Q

What is ph a measure of

A

Its a measure of concentrate of hydrogen ions in the solution

49
Q

What are bases

A

Bases are the oxides and hydroxides of metals.

50
Q

What are alkalies

A

Bases that are soluble

51
Q

How can we determine the ph of a solution and how does this happen

A

By using a universal indicator .you do this by adding a few drops of the solution to the substance and comparing the results to the ph chart
The universal indicator changes the colour gradually as the ph changes

52
Q

What is neutralisation

A

The adding of acids and bases in the correct amounts.they are chemical opposites and cancel each other out

53
Q

What is formed when acids and bases are added

A

Acid +base->salt +water

54
Q

When carbonates neutralise acids what else is produced besides salt and water

A

Carbon dioxide

55
Q

How do you work out the salt from neutralisation reaction give a word equation as an example

A

The first name comes from the name of the base and the second part comes from the acid.
Potassium hydroxide+nitric acid->potassium nitrate +water

56
Q

What are fertilisers and what are they used for

A

Chemicals farmers use in order to provide their plants with essential elements
They increase crop yield

57
Q

What are the three main essentials found in fertilisers

A

Nitrogen N
Phosphorus P
Pottasium K

58
Q

Benefits and problems for using fertilisers

A

It helps us grow more food

The chemicals can pollute the water and cause death to water creatures (eutrophication)

59
Q

What is the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride known as

A

Salt solution or brine

60
Q

What is formed at the cathode negative electrode

A

Hydrogen

61
Q

What is formed at the anode positive electrode

A

Chlorine

62
Q

What else is formed n the electrolysis sodium clhoride

A

Sodium hydroxide

63
Q

Name the uses for the products obtained from the electrolusis

A

Hydrogen-margarine
Sodium hydroxide -soap
Chlorine-to sterilise water
Chlorine and sodium hydroxide used to make bleach

64
Q

What is the test for chlorine

A

Using litmus paper,if chlorine is present it bleaches the litmus paper.

65
Q

Where can sodium chloride be obtained from

A

Sea water

Biology (5 decks)

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