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Core Chemistry > C1.5 > Flashcards

C1.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil

A

A thick black oil found in some sedimentary rocks. It’s a fossil fuel made form the remains of Dead Sea animals and plants

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2
Q

How did sea animals and plants become crude oil

A

When they died, they were buried by the sediment. This kept the oxygen away so they didn’t decay, over time, heat and pressure sunned hem into oil or gas

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3
Q

What is crude oil mostly made from

A

Mostly made from a mixture of different length hydrocarbons. Sometimes has impurities such as sulfur

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4
Q

What are fractions

A

The separate liquids separated from a mixture using a fractional distillation column

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5
Q

How is crude oil separated

A

It’s heated so it boils. The different fractions can then be collected at different heights in the fractional distillation columns as they all cool at different temperature. Shorter chains condense at lower temperatures so rise higher up the column than longer chain hydrocarbons

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6
Q

What are gases used for

A

Vehicle fuel, bottled gas for camping, heating and cooking in homes

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7
Q

What is petrol for

A

Car fuel

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8
Q

What is kerosene for

A

Fuel for planes

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9
Q

What is diesel oil for

A

Fuel for Diesel engines, cars, lorries, Generators, trains

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10
Q

What is fuel oil for

A

For ships and some power stations, fuel for heating and lubrication

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11
Q

What is bitumen for

A

Making roads and waterproofing roofs

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12
Q

How does ease of ignition, boiling point and viscosity change with length of hydro carbon chain

A

Longer it is, harder it is to infighting, higher the boiling point and the thicker and more sticky it is

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13
Q

What kind of reaction is combustion

A

An oxidation reaction as the fuel reacts with oxygen

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14
Q

How can you test for water

A

Anyhydrous copper sulphate turns blue

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15
Q

What is the chemical reaction for complete combustion

A

Fuel + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

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16
Q

What is incomplete combustion

A

Combustion that occurs when there isn’t enough oxygen so carbon and carbon monoxide are produced instead of carbon dioxide

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17
Q

What defines acid rain

A

Rain with a pH lower than 5.2

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18
Q

What causes acid rain

A

When hydrocarbon fuels are burnt, the impurities such as sulphur react with the with the oxygen to form sulfur dioxide, this then condenses in the clouds and joins with the water molecules to make sulphuric acid, causing acid rain

19
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

Rivers, lakes and soils become more acidic, harming the organisms living there
Damaging trees, killing them
Speeding up the weathering process of buildings made from soft materials such as limestone or marble and increasing the rate of corrosion of metal

20
Q

What are greenhouse gases and why do they have that name

A

Gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour and they trap heat in the atmosphere like a greenhouse. Without them the mean temperature on earth would be -18

21
Q

How can carbon dioxide be removed from the air using iron

A

Iron compounds can be dropped into the see (iron seeding). Iron is important for plant growth and is often in short supply. This iron encourages the growth of microscopic plants that take in the carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, these are then eaten by animals and the carbon becomes part of there shells. When the animals die, there shells will sink to the bottom of the sea, trapping the carbon dioxide for a long time

22
Q

How can carbon dioxide be removed

A

Capturing the carbon dioxide released from power stations and using it to make hydrocarbon fuels such as propane and butane

23
Q

What are biofuels

A

Fuels made from organisms that are living or recently died such as animal droppings and wood

24
Q

How can ethanol be produced

A

Fermenting wheat, sugar cane or sugar beet.

25
Q

Why is ethanol good

A

It can be mixed with petrol for car fuel so reduces the need for petrol and petrol consumption, conserving our crude oil supplies

26
Q

How is biodiesel made and what is it for

A

Made by reacting vegetable oil with other things. Can be made from rape seed oil, soya beans or used cooking oil. It can be used by diesel cars or as a mixture with diesel oil. So less diesel needed so less crude oil neede

27
Q

What is a fuel cell

A

A device that creates energy by reacting oxygen and hydrogen without burning it so the only product is water

28
Q

What makes a good fuel

A

How environmentally friendly it is, how much pollution is released
How well it ignites and burns
How much energy is released
How easy it is to move and store

29
Q

Why is hydrogen a good fuel

A 
Ignites easily 
Releases lots of energy 141.8MJ/Kg. 
Easy to transport, can be piped
Easy to store, compressed
Only product is water
30
Q

Why isn’t hydrogen widely used

A

Not easily available
Sourced from gas, separating process releases carbon dioxide
Expensive to make fuel stations able to store and sell hydrogen

31
Q

How can you test if something is an alkane or an alkane

A

Bromine can be mixed with the substance. If there is no colour change, stays orange, it’s a fully saturated hydrocarbon, an alkane
If there is an akène, unsaturated hydrocarbon, the solution becomes colourless

32
Q

WHat happens in cracking

A

Long alkane are heated to make shorter molecules, at least one alkane and one alkene

33
Q

Why is there always an Alkene formed in cracking

A

Hydrogen and carbon atoms must balance before and after the reaction so one of the molecules will have a free Bond on a carbon so it joins with another carbon to make a carbon double bond

34
Q

What is a polymer

A

A substance made up of thousands of simple repeating units called monomers

35
Q

What is polyethene made from

A

Lots of ethene monôme s

36
Q

What is the reaction to make polyethene from ethene molecules

A

n(ethene) — | H H |
| -c-c- |
| H H |n

37
Q

Uses and properties of poly(ethene)

A

Flexible, cheap, good insulator. Used for plastic bags, bottles, cling film and electrical wire insulation

38
Q

Uses and properties of poly(propène)

A

Flexible, shatterproof, high softening point. Used for buckets and bowls

39
Q

Uses and properties of poly(chloroethene) PVC

A

Tough, cheap, long lasting, good insulator. Used for pipes, window frames, insulation for wires

40
Q

Uses and properties of poly(tetrafluorethene) teflon

A

Tough, slippery, corrosion resistant, good insulator. Used for non stick frying pans, bearings, skis, containers for corrosive substances, stain proofing carpets and insulation for wires

41
Q

Chemical formuler for propène monomor

A

C2H3(CH3)

42
Q

Chemical formula for chloroethane

A

C2H3Cl

43
Q

Chemical formula for tetrafluorlethene

A

C2F4

44
Q

Why are plastics bad

A

Won’t degrade so will stay in landfill sites for a long time. Can be burnout release toxic gases that need to be collected and safely disposed of

Core Chemistry (10 decks)

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