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Chemistry > C15 > Flashcards

C15 Flashcards

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1
Q

rusting of iron

A
  • both oxygen and water are needed for iron to rust
  • providing a barrier protects it from rusting
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2
Q

preventing rust

A

coating iron with:
- paint
- oil or grease
- plastic
- less reactive metal
- more reactive metal

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3
Q

sacrificial protection

A

provides protection against rusting even when iron is exposed to water and air
Iron needs to be attached to a more reactive metal (zinc)

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4
Q

alloys

A

harder than pure metals because the regular layers in a pure metal are distorted by differently sized atoms in an alloy

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5
Q

copper alloys

A

Bronze is made by mixing copper with tin

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6
Q

aluminium alloys

A

alloyed with other elements to make it harder

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7
Q

gold alloys

A

alloyed with copper to make jewellery

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8
Q

steels

A

pure iron is too soft so its alloyed with carbon to make it harder

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9
Q

carbon steels

A

carefully controlled quantities of carbon and other elements are added to iron to make steel alloys with different properties.

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10
Q

examples of steels

A
  • high carbon steels, which are very hard but brittle
  • low carbon steels, which are soft and easily shaped
  • stainless steels, which are resistant to corrosion
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11
Q

monomers

A

monomers affect the properties of the polymers that they produce

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12
Q

reaction conditions

A

changing reaction conditions can change the properties of the polymer produces

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13
Q

low density polyethene

A
  • using high pressures and trace of oxygen ethenes form LD polyethene
  • polymer chains cannot pack closely together
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14
Q

high density polyethene

A
  • using catalyst at 50 degree and raised pressure ethene makes HD polyethene
  • straight polymer chains pack closely together
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15
Q

thermosoftening

A

thermosoftening polymers will soften or melt easily when heated because their intermolecular forces are weak

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16
Q

thermosetting

A

thermosetting polymers will not soften because of their strong covalent bonds between chains

17
Q

glass

A
  • soda glass is mad by heating a mixture of sand, limestone and sodium carbonate
  • Borosilicate glass is made from sand and boron trioxide and melts at a higher temp than soda glass
18
Q

ceramics

A
  • made by shaping clay and heating in a furnace
  • ions and atoms arranged in giant structures that form layers
19
Q

composites

A

made of two materials with one material acting as a binder for the other material improving desirable property that neither materials could offer alone

20
Q

composite example

A

concrete - made from sand, cements and gravel mixed with water to make a hard, strong composite

21
Q

materials needed for production of ammonia

A
  • nitrogen from air
  • hydrogen from natural gas (methane)
  • nitrogen + hydrogen -> ammonia
22
Q

the harbour process

A
  • turns nitrogen into ammonia
  • ammonia is removed by cooling the gases so ammonia liquifies
  • its separated from the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen gas
  • gas recycled by recompressing and heating then returning to reaction vessel
23
Q

effect of changing temp

A
  • increase, it favours the endothermic reaction
  • decrease, it favours the exothermic reaction
24
Q

effect of changing gas pressure

A
  • increase, favours the side with less molecules
  • decrease, favours the side with more molecules
25
Q

effect of changing conc.

A

increase equilibrium would move to the right

26
Q

effect of catalyst

A

increases the rate of reaction for both sides equally

27
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

as the forward and reverse reactions are continuously taking place a state of dynamic equilibrium has been reached

28
Q

reversible reactions

A

the products of the reaction can react to make the original reactants

29
Q

le Chatelier’s principle

A
  • when change in conditions is introduced to a system at equilibrium the position shifts to cancel out the change
30
Q

ammonia and fertilisers

A
  • ammonia is used to make nitric acid
  • nitric acid made can be reacted with more ammonia to make ammonium nitrate fertiliser
31
Q

neutralisation of ammonia

A

neutralised by sulfuric acid to make ammonium sulphate fertiliser and with phosphoric acid to make ammonium phosphate fertiliser

32
Q

NPK fertilisers

A

nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in mixtures of compounds called NPK

33
Q

Phosphorus

A

from phosphorus rock mined and treated with acids to form fertilisers
- ammonium phosphate
- calcium phosphate

34
Q

potassium

A

comes from potassium salts mined from the ground for use as fertilisers
- potassium chloride
- potassium sulphate

Chemistry (12 decks)

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