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10B Chemistry > C14 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C14 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Name three fossil fuels [3]

A

Coal / natural gas / petroleum (crude oil)

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2
Q

What is the main constituent of natural gas? [1]

A

Methane

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3
Q

Describe petroleum [1]

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons called fractions

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4
Q

Describe what is similar about the molecules within a fraction [2]

A

They will be of similar size / they will have similar boiling points

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5
Q

What is the process used to separate the fractions within petroleum and why can the fractions be separated in this way? [2]

A

Fractional distillation / separates hydrocarbon fractions based on their boiling point

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6
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation [3]

A

Petroleum is vaporised / fractionating column is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top / as hydrocarbon vapours rise up the column they condense at different boiling points

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7
Q

Describe the fractions that vapourise at the top fo the column [4]

A

Smaller / lower boiling point / more volatile / less viscous

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8
Q

What is a use of refinery gas? [1]

A

Bottled gas for heating and cooking

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9
Q

What is a use of the gasoline fraction? [1]

A

Fuel (petrol) in cars

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10
Q

What is a use of the naptha fraction? [1]

A

Feedstock for making chemicals

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11
Q

What is a use of the diesel oil / gas oil fraction [1]

A

Fuel in diesel engines

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12
Q

What is a use of the bitumen fraction? [1]

A

Road surfaces

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13
Q

What is a homologous series? [2]

A

A family of compounds with the same general formula / similar chemical properties

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14
Q

Describe alkanes [2]

A

Saturated hydrocarbons / molecules contain only single covalent bonds

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15
Q

Describe the properties of alkanes [1]

A

Fairly unreactive (except in terms of burning)

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16
Q

Describe the complete combustion of hydrocarbons [1]

A

React with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

17
Q

Describe alkenes [2]

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons / molecules contain at least one double covalent bond between carbon atoms

18
Q

What is cracking? [3]

A

Using heat to break long chain alkanes / into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes / requires a catalyst such as aluminium oxide

19
Q

Name the first four alkanes / first 3 alkenes [2]

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane / ethene, propene, butene

20
Q

How can alkenes be tested for and what is the positive result? [2]

A

Bromine water / bromine water turns from orange to colourless

21
Q

What type of reactions do alkenes undergo? [1]

A

Addition reactions

22
Q

What is the product in the reaction between an alkene and hydrogen? [1]

A

Alkane

23
Q

What is the product in the reaction between an alkene and bromine? [1]

A

Di-bromo-alkane

24
Q

What is the product in the reaction between an alkene and steam? [1]

A

Alcohol

25
Q

Describe two ways that ethanol can be formed [2]

A

Fermentation and the reaction between ethene and steam

26
Q

Describe two uses of ethanol [2]

A

Solvent / fuel

27
Q

How can ethanol be manufactured by fermentation and what conditions are required? [4]

A

Fermentation of glucose / temperature around 30ᵒC / anaerobic conditions / yeast

28
Q

Write the word and symbol equation for the fermentation of glucose to form ethanol [2]

A

Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂

29
Q

How can ethanol be produced from ethene and what conditions are required? [4]

A

Ethene undergoes an addition reaction with steam / 300ᵒC / 60-70 atm / phosphoric acid catalyst

30
Q

Write the word and symbol equation for the production of ethanol from ethene [2]

A

Ethene + Steam → Ethanol C₂H₄ + H₂O → C₂H₅OH

31
Q

What are polymers? [2]

A

Large molecules / built from small units called monomers

32
Q

How can polymers differ from each other? [2]

A

Different units / different linkages

33
Q

How is polyethene made? [2]

A

Addition polymerisation / of ethene monomers

34
Q

What is the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation? [2]

A

Addition polymerisation forms a polymer from alkene monomers / condensation polymerisation forms a polymer by reacting compounds with two different functional groups together

10B Chemistry (15 decks)

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