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10B Chemistry > C11 - Air and Water > Flashcards

C11 - Air and Water Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the chemical test for water using cobalt (II) chloride [1]

A

Blue anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride turns pink in the presence of water

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2
Q

Describe the chemical test for water using copper (II) sulfate [1]

A

White anhydrous copper (II) sulfate turns blue in the presence of water

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3
Q

What does potable mean? [1]

A

Safe to drink

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4
Q

Describe 2 main stages required to make water potable [2]

A

Filtration - removes insoluble particles by passing the water through layers of sand and filters / Chlorination - kills bacteria and microorganisms which are too small to be removed by filtration

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5
Q

What is the percentage composition of gases in the atmosphere [4]

A

Nitrogen 78% / Oxygen 21% / Argon 0.93% / Carbon dioxide 0.04%

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6
Q

What are the three common pollutants in the air [3]

A

Carbon monoxide / sulfur dioxide / oxides of nitrogen

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7
Q

What are the sources of pollutant gases in the air? [3]

A

Carbon monoxide - incomplete combustion of carbon fuels / sulfur dioxide - sulfur impurities in fossil fuels / oxides of nitrogen - car engines

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8
Q

What conditions in car engines lead to the production of oxides of nitrogen? [1]

A

High temperature

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9
Q

What are the problems associated with carbon monoxide? [2]

A

Toxic gas / Prevents the red blood cells from carrying oxygen around the body

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10
Q

What are the problems associated with sulfur dioxide? [3]

A

Acid rain which causes - corrosion of limestone buildings and statues / kills aquatic life / damages and kills vegetation

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11
Q

What are the problems associated with oxides of nitrogen? [2]

A

Produces acid rain / Reacts with other pollutants to cause photochemical smog which causes respiratory problems

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12
Q

Describe two approaches to reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide [2]

A

Use of low sulfur petrol / flue gas desulfurisation by calcium oxide

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13
Q

Describe in equations how a catalytic converter removes oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide from exhaust emissions [3]

A

2CO + O₂ → 2CO₂ 2CO + 2NO → 2CO₂ + N₂ 2NO → N₂ + O₂

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14
Q

What is corrosion? [2]

A

Rusting of iron / in the presence of oxygen and water in the air

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15
Q

What two substances need to be excluded to prevent iron rusting? [2]

A

Oxygen / Water

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16
Q

How can oxygen and water be excluded to prevent iron rusting? [4]

A

Paint the metal / coat the metal in oil / cover the metal in plastic / keep the metal in a vacuum container

17
Q

What is sacrificial protection and how does it work? [2]

A

Coating the metal being protected with a more reactive metal / the outer metal will corrode first and prevent the corrosion of the inner metal

18
Q

What is galvanisation? [2]

A

Sacrificial protection or iron / using zinc

19
Q

Name two major greenhouse gases [2]

A

Carbon dioxide / methane

20
Q

Describe sources of carbon dioxide [4]

A

Complete combustion of carbon containing substances / product of respiration / product of the reaction between an acid and a carbonate / product of thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

21
Q

What has increased concentrations of greenhouse gases caused? [1]

A

Global warming

22
Q

Compounds of which three elements are commonly found in fertilisers? [3]

A

Nitrogen / Phosphorus / Potassium

23
Q

Why is nitrogen important to a plant? [1]

A

Chlorophyll which makes the plant green and is important for photosynthesis

24
Q

Why is phosphorus important to a plant? [1]

A

Strong roots

25
Q

Why is potassium important to a plant? [1]

A

Healthy growth

26
Q

Describe the displacement of ammonia from its salts [2]

A

Ammonium salt is reacted with a strong base / ammonia is produced along with a different salt and water

27
Q

Write the equation that takes place between ammonium chloride and sodium hydroxide [1]

A

NH₄Cl + NaOH → NaCl + NH₃ + H₂O

28
Q

What is the Haber process? [1]

A

An industrial process to produce ammonia

29
Q

What is the equation for making ammonia in the Haber process? [1]

A

N₂ + H₂ → 2NH₃

30
Q

What conditions are used in the Haber process? [3]

A

450ᵒC / 200 atm pressure / iron catalyst

31
Q

What is the source of hydrogen in the Haber process? [1]

A

Reaction of methane with steam

32
Q

What is the source of nitrogen in the Haber process? [1]

A

From the air

10B Chemistry (15 decks)

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