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CHEMISTRY > C14) Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C14) Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

ONLY contains hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

What is an Alkane?

A

-contains single bonds
- saturated

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3
Q

What is an Alkane?

A

-contains single bonds
- saturated

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4
Q

What is an Alkene?

A

-contains at least one double bond
- unsaturated

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5
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

ONLY contains single bonds

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6
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

contains AT LEAST one double bond between carbon atoms

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7
Q

what is the general formula for Alkanes?

A

CnH2n + 2

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8
Q

What is the general formula for Alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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9
Q

Meth = how many carbon atoms?

A

1 carbon atom

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10
Q

Eth = how many carbon atoms?

A

2 carbon atoms

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11
Q

Prop = how many carbon atoms?

A

3 carbon atoms

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12
Q

But = how many carbon atoms?

A

4 carbon atoms

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13
Q

What is distillation?

A

separates components in a mixture that have different boiling points.

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14
Q

What does volatile mean?

A

how easily it goes from liquids to gas.

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15
Q

What is the homologous series?

A

Has the same functional group but each successive member differs by CH2

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16
Q

what does “viscous” mean?

A

thick, does not flow easily

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17
Q

suggest 3 reasons why bitumen is NOT used as a fuel

A
  • not flammable
  • highly viscous
  • high boiling point
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18
Q

why are larger hydrocarbon molecules in the diesel fraction oil cracked to produce smaller hydrocarbon molecules?

A
  • more useful
  • better fuels
19
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

bromine water (turns from orange to colourless)

20
Q

why do only alkenes decolourise bromine water?

A

alkenes have at least 1 double bond, which can open up, allowing addition reactions

21
Q

(cracking) long chain alkane is cracked into….

A

a shorter alkane + alkene

22
Q

what are the products for complete combustion?

A

carbon dioxide + water

23
Q

state the fractions produced by crude oil by fractional distillation (in order).

A

gases, gasoline (petrol), kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, bitumen

24
Q

what is kerosene used for?

A

aircraft fuel

25
Q

what is fuel oil used for?

A

ships, power stations

26
Q

what is bitumen used for?

A

roads and roofs

27
Q

in fractional distillation, the top part is _____ (cool/hot), and the bottom part is______ (cool/hot).

A

top part = cool (25 C)
bottom part = hot (350 C)

28
Q

how is crude oil separated into fractions and explain in terms of structure why the fractions can be separated in this way. (6 marks)

A
  1. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION carried out in fractioning column, hot on bottom, cool at top.
  2. Crude oil enters the fractioning column and is HEATED so VAPOUR RISES.
  3. Vapours of hydrocarbons with VERY HIGH BOILING POINTS will condense into liquid at higher temp. lower down and tapped off at bottom of the column.
    - Vapours of hydrocarbons with VERY LOW BOILING POINTS will rise up the column and condense at the top to be tapped off.
  4. LONGER CHAINS have HIGHER boiling points/shorter chains have lower boiling points.
  5. Longer chains have more intermolecular forces.
  6. More intermolecular forces requires more energy (high temp.) to separate.
29
Q

what type of reaction is cracking?

A

thermal decomposition reaction

30
Q

what are the two ways of making ethanol?

A

1) fermentation
2) reacting ethene with steam

31
Q

what is the word equation for fermentation?

A

glucose –(yeast)—> ethanol + carbon dioxide

32
Q

what is the symbol equation for fermentation?

A

C2H12O6 —> 2 C2H5OH + 2 C02

33
Q

what is the word equation for reacting ethene with steam?

A

ethene + water –(phosphoric acid)–> ethanol

34
Q

what is the symbol equation for reacting ethene with steam?

A

C2H4 + H2O –> C2H5OH

35
Q

what are the advantages/disadvantages of the two processes of making ethanol?

A

fermentation steam
temp. 37 C 300 C

production 15% 96%
yield

sustainability renewable non renewable

process batch making continuous

purification fractional distillation during production

36
Q

write the word equation for complete combustion of ethanol.

A

ethanol + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

37
Q

write the symbol equation for complete combustion of ethanol.

A

C2H5OH + (3) O2 —> (2) CO2 + (3) H20

38
Q

describe how a condensation reaction happens.

A
  • 2 monomers (with different functional groups) react.
  • a condensation polymer and small molecule are made.
39
Q

Give 2 differences between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation.

A

Addition = 1 product, same monomer.
Condensation = 2 products, different monomers with different functional groups

40
Q

as you go down the crude oil fraction, what things increase? (3)

A
  • chain length increases
  • boiling point increases
  • viscosity increases
41
Q

What type of reaction is ethene polymerising to form poly(ethene)?

A

addition reaction

42
Q

what are the conditions required for cracking?

A
  1. high temperature
  2. catalyst
43
Q

what are 3 conditions for fermentation?

A
  1. using enzymes in yeast
  2. temperature at 37 C
  3. no oxygen (anaerobic)

CHEMISTRY (9 decks)

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