C14 12-15

Question 1

Heart para vs sym

Answer 1

Para: (muscle) decrease HR, (blood supply) vasoconstriction

Sym: (muscle) Increase HR/Force of contraction, (blood supply) vasodilation

Question 2

Blood vessels para vs sym

Answer 2

Para: no control

Sym: Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 3

Gastro para vs sym

Answer 3

Para: increase motility and secretions

Sym: decrease motility and secretions

Question 4

Lungs para vs sym

Answer 4

Para: bronchioconstriction

Sym: bronchiodilation

Question 5

Adrenal medulla para vs sym

Answer 5

Para: no control

Sym: Increase release of NE and E

Question 6

Genitals para vs sym

Answer 6

Para: erection

Sym: Orgasm

Question 7

What does tone mean?

Answer 7

Indicates which system has control.

i.e parasympathetic tone means dig. sys is under para control.

Question 8

Interactions of the ANS divisions: know this

Answer 8

Dual innervation, 
antagonistic interactions, 
autonomic tone, 
cooperative effects, 
unique roles of sympathetic division, 
localized vs. diffuse effects.

Question 9

Dual innervation

Answer 9

Control by both systems.

Not universal - sweat glands and blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic almost exclusively.

Not equal - usually one is controlling more than the other.

Question 10

Antagonistic interactions

Answer 10

Para and Sym have opposite effects

Question 11

Autonomic tone

Answer 11

Balance between the sym and para activity, regulated by the hypothalamus.

Typically the hypothalamus turns up one, turns down the other.

Question 12

Cooperative effects

Answer 12

Para and sym work together - sex and saliva

Question 13

Unique roles of the sympathetic

Answer 13

• Thermoregulatory responses to heat
• Release of rennin from kidneys
• Metabolic effects (adrenal medulla/spleen)

Question 14

Localized Vs. Diffuse effects

Answer 14

Sym effects are longer lasting/more widespread because:

1. sym postgang axons branch more diffusely
2. Acetylcholinesterase quickly inactivates Ach, but NE lingers in synaptic cleft
3. E and NE secreted into the blood from the adrenal medullae intensify and prolong responses caused by NE released from sym postgang axons.

Question 15

What are the major autonomic plexuses?

Answer 15

Cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal, abdominal aortic (incl. celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric), hypogastric

Question 16

What are the major autonomic reflexes?

Answer 16

Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, micturition

Question 17

What is the purpose of autonomic reflexes and plexuses?

Answer 17

They play a major role in regulating controlled conditions in the body.

i.e. bp, hr, digestion, defecation, urination.

Question 18

6 types of neurotransmitters?

Answer 18

Ach, biogenic (incl. NE), Amino acids, Peptides, Purines, gases and lipids

Question 19

15. Describe the control and integration of autonomic nervous system function.

Answer 19

Hypothalamus is “boss”, but brain stem is in charge moment to moment.
Hypothalamus is receiving input from cerebral cortex, thalamus and limbic sys - integrates, then directs activity of brainstem and spinal cord.

Question 20

Reynaud’s

Answer 20

lack of blood flow to fingers and toes after exposure or emotional distress