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chemistry > C13- halogenoalkanes > Flashcards

C13- halogenoalkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

what us a halogenoalkane

A

a saturated hydrocarbon containing one or more halogen

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2
Q

name two uses of halogenoalkanes

A

solvents and pharmaceuticals

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3
Q

what happens to the polarity of the C - X bond down group 7

A

it decreases

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4
Q

what dies the letter X represent

A

a halogen atom

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5
Q

what intermolecular forces are between halogenoalkane molecules?

A

van der waals forces
permenant dipole-dipole interactions

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6
Q

whats permenant dipole dipole interactions

A

Polar molecules display attractions between the oppositely charged ends of the molecules.

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7
Q

what solvents are halogenoalkanes soluble in?

A

organic solvents

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8
Q

are halogenoalkanes soluble in water

A

no

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9
Q

what mechanism is used to make halogenoalkanes

A

free-radical substitution

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10
Q

what is a substitution reaction

A

where one functional group is replaced by another

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11
Q

what are the stages of free-radical substitution?

A

initiation
propagation
termination

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12
Q

what is a free radical

A

a species with an unpaired electron

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13
Q

what is a homolytic fission

A

the breaking of a covalent bond to form two radicals

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14
Q

what is a CFC

A

chlorofluoroalkanes

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15
Q

what has caused the destruction of the ozone layer

A

chlorine radicals

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16
Q

what is used instead of CFCs to protext the ozone layer?

A

HFCs (hydrofluorocarbon)

17
Q

what is a nucleophile

A

an electron pair donor

18
Q

nake three nucleophiles

A

hydroxide
cyanide
ammonia

19
Q

what us represented by a curly arrow?

A

the movement of an electron pair

20
Q

where can a curly arrow begin?

A

at a lone pair or the centre of a bond

21
Q

what is a leaving group?

A

the group that is lost in nucleophilic substitution

22
Q

what conditions are required for nucleophilic substitution of hydroxide?

A

dissolve halogenoalkanes in ethanol, aqeuous NaOH and reflux

23
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

the breaking of chemical bonds with water/hydroxide ions

24
Q

rate of nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes

A

stronger the C-X bond the slower the rate

25
Q

what happens tk the strength of the C-X bond down geoup 7?

A

it decreases

26
Q

what is a hydrogen ion

A

a proton

27
Q

what conditions are required for nucleophilic substitution of cyanide

A

dissolve halogenoalkane in ethanol, aqueous KCN and reflux

28
Q

what conditions are required for nucleophilic substitution of ammonia

A

dissolve halogenoalkane in ethanol, concentrated ammonia in excess and reflux

29
Q

what is the 2nd ammonia used for

A

acts as a base to remove a hydrogen ion

30
Q

what is a:

1) primary amine
2) secondary amine
3) tertiary amine

A

1) RNH2

  H
  | H - N - X
  |
  R

2) R2NH

  H               as amine goes from prim/sec
  |                 /tert, thats how much R is R - N - X           attached to the N, which 
  |                 affects amount of H in bond.
  R

3) R3N

  R
  | R - N - X
  |
  R
31
Q

what is an elimination reaction

A

a reaction where a small group is removed

32
Q

what is the solvent in an ethanoic solution

A

ethanol

33
Q

how does hydroxide behave in an erhanoic solution

A

as a base

34
Q

what is a base

A

a proton acceptor

35
Q

what mechanism is most likely for a tertiary halogenoalkne

A

elimination

36
Q

what mechanism is more likely for a primary halogenoalkane

A

nucleophilic substitution

37
Q

nucleophilic reaction

A

a class of reactions in which an electron rich nucleophile attacks a positively charged electrophile to replace a leaving group

chemistry (6 decks)

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