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chemistry > C12-alkanes > Flashcards

C12-alkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

compound containing only hydrogens and carbons

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2
Q

what is a saturated hydrocarbon

A

only contains single bonds between carbon atoms

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3
Q

what is the general formula for an alkane

A

Cn+H2n+2

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4
Q

name the first 4 alkanes

A

methane
ethane
propane
butane

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5
Q

what si the trend in boiling points in alkanes

A

as chain length increases the boiling point increases

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6
Q

why are hydrocarbons non polar

A

the electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is very small

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7
Q

what tyoe of IMF exists between hydrocarbon chains

A

van der waals

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8
Q

why do branched chains have lower melting points

A

smaller surface areaso fewer VDW attractions

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9
Q

how are mixtures of hydrocarbon seperated

A

feactional distillation

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10
Q

what dies the word immisible mean

A

does not mix

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11
Q

what is crude oil

A

a mixture of different hydrocarbons

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12
Q

what is a fraction?

A

a group of compounds woth similar boiling points that are removed at the same lvl of the fractionatijg column

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13
Q

where are smaller hydrocarbons collected

A

near the too of the fractionating column

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14
Q

why do small chains have lower boiling points

A

less atoms in the chain so less VDW forces between then

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15
Q

what happens in cracking?

A

long hydrocarbons are converted into smaller hydrocarbons

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16
Q

why is cracking useful

A

shorter hydrocarbons are more useful

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17
Q

name two tyoes of cracking

A

thermal and catalytic cracking

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18
Q

gove the conditions for thermal cracking

A

1000-1200 K and upto 70 atm

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19
Q

what is the time frame for thermal cracking

A

1s

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20
Q

why is thermal cracking so short

A

to orevent complete decomposition of the hydrocarbon

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21
Q

what catalyst is used in catalytic cracking

A

a zeolite

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22
Q

what is a zeolite

A

an acidic mineral with a honeycomb structure made from aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide

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23
Q

what are the conditions for catalytic cracking

A

800-1000 K 1-2 atm zeolite catalyst

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24
Q

what is the purpose of the honeycomb structure

A

to increase surface area and so rate if reaction

25
Q

whats the time frame for catalytic cracking

A

2-4s

26
Q

what is produced in thermal cracking

A

high percentage of alkenes and some shirt alkanes

27
Q

what is peoduced in catalytic cracking

A

mainly aromatic hydrocarbons and motor fuels

28
Q

what is required for complete combustion

A

excess amount of oxygen

29
Q

what is a major component of natural gas

A

methane

30
Q

what is the major component of liquid petroleum gas

A

butane

31
Q

what is formed in incomplete combustion

A

carbon monoxide and water

32
Q

give three properties of carbon monoxide

A

toxic
colourless
odourless

33
Q

why is carbon minoxide toxic

A

binds to heamoglobin in red blood cells preventing them from carrying oxygen

34
Q

what is soot

A

carbon particulates

35
Q

what are the four stages of internal combustion engine

A

intake
compression
combustion
exhaust

36
Q

how is the fuel ignited in an internal combustion engine

A

extreme temperature spark

37
Q

what tyoe of pollution is caused by CO

A

toxic gas

38
Q

what pollution is caused by C

A

particles exacerbate asmaa

39
Q

what pollution is caused by SO2

A

acid rain

40
Q

what pollution is caused by NOx

A

acid rain and photochemical smog

41
Q

what pollution is caused by hydrocarbons

A

react woth NOx to form geound lvl ozone which leads to resporatory problems

42
Q

why is greenhouse effect so important

A

wothout it, earth would be too cold to support life

43
Q

how is the CO2 in the atmosphere produced

A

respiration and combustion

44
Q

gow is the methane in the atmosphere produced

A

byproduct of sheep and cattle farming

45
Q

ph of normal rainy water

A

5.5

46
Q

why is rain water a weak acid

A

CO2 present in the atmosphere

47
Q

what pH is acid rain

A

lower than 5.5

48
Q

what problems does acod rain have

A

destroys trees and vegetation
corrodes buildings and kills fishes in lakes

49
Q

what causes photochemical smog

A

toxic gases and minute solid oarticles suspended in air

50
Q

when is smog formed

A

when NOx, SO2 or unburnt hydrocarbons react with sunlight

51
Q

what health problems are associated with smog

A

irritated eyes
nasal congestion
emphysema

52
Q

what is the purpose of a catalytic converter

A

converts toxic compounds from the internal conbustion engine into kess harmful products

53
Q

what is a catalytic converter made of

A

a cermaic honeycomb covered in a thin layer of platinum and rhodium

54
Q

what is the process used to remove sulfur compounds from combustion emmisions called

A

flue gas desulfurisation

55
Q

what happens in flue gas desulfurisation

A

gasses are passed theough a wet slurry of CaO or CaCO3

56
Q

what do the CaO or CaCO3 do in flue gas desulfurisation

A

neutralise the acidic SO2

57
Q

1) what is the products of flue gas desulfurisation

2) what are they converted into

A

1) calcium (IV) sulfate (calcium sulphite)

2) calcium (VI) sulfate

58
Q

what is calcium (VI) suldate used for

A

construction

59
Q

what does [0] represent

A

oxygen from an oxidising agent

chemistry (6 decks)

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