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GCSE Chemistry > C11 - Polymers > Flashcards

C11 - Polymers Flashcards

1
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

A type of reaction where monomers join together, end to end, to form long polymer chains. The polymer produced is called an addition polymer

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2
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

What is DNA?

A

A large organic molecule that encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses

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4
Q

What are monomers?

A

Small reactive molecules that react together in repeating sequences to form a very large molecule (a polymer)

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5
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

The basic repeating units, or monomers, that join together to form DNA

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6
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A substance made from very large molecules made up of many repeating units

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7
Q

What are the monomers of addition polymers?

A

Alkenes

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8
Q

What type of polymers do alkenes create?

A

Addition Polymers

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9
Q

What happens to alkenes during polymerisation?

A

The double bonds between the 2 carbons break and “open up” to form new single bonds with the neighbouring carbon atoms

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10
Q

What do addition polymers consist of?

A

Long saturated chains made of repeating units with a carbon “backbone”

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11
Q

What is the general reaction for addition polymerisation?

A
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12
Q

What polymer would be formed from a monomer of Ethene?

A

Polyethene

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13
Q

What is the everyday name for polyethene?

A

Polythene

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14
Q

What are the uses of polythene?

A

Bags, Bottles

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15
Q

What polymer would be formed from a monomer of propene?

A

Polypropene

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16
Q

What is the everyday name for polypropene?

A

polypropylene

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17
Q

What are the uses of polypropylene?

A

Plastic containers, Ropes

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18
Q

What is this monomer known as?

A

Ethene

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19
Q

Draw the polymer that would be formed from this monomer?

A
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20
Q

What is this monomer known as?

A

Propene

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21
Q

Draw the polymer that would be formed from this monomer?

A
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22
Q

Draw the polymer that would be formed from this monomer?

A
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23
Q

Draw 3 repeating units of this monomer

A
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24
Q

How are Addition polymers made?

A

During addition polymerisation, many alkene monomers bond together to form a long chain - the polymer. The double covalent bond between the 2 carbons in the alkene molecule “open up” and are replaced by 2 single covalent bonds. In this way, thousands of molecules join together. A “backbone” of carbon atoms is formed along the centre of the polymer. There is only 1 product, the addition polymer. The addition polymer is made up of many repeating units of the monomer.

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25
Q

How many products are there in addition polymerisation?

A

1 - the polymer

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26
Q

How are condensation polymers created?

A

Condensation polymerisation involves monomers with 2 functional groups (which react with each other). The functional groups of the monomers react, forming bonds between them, causing the monomers to join together. This forms end-to-end links. In this way, long polymer chains are created. For each new bond formed, a small molecule (such as Water or Hydrochloric acid) is lost. There are 2 products, the polymer and the small molecule.

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27
Q

What is a diol?

A

A molecule with 2 alcohol functional groups

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28
Q

What is a dicarboxylic acid?

A

A molecule with 2 carboxylic acid functional groups

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29
Q

What is the word equation for the formation of a polyester?

A

Dicarboxylic Acid + Diol -> Polyester + Water

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30
Q

What is lost from the dicarboxylic acid during condensation polymerisation?

A

OH

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31
Q

What is lost from a diol during condensation polymerisation?

32
Q

What are the 2 word equations for the formation of a polyamide?

A
  • Dicarboxylic Acid + Diamine -> Polyamide + Water

* Amino Acid + Amino Acid -> Polyamide + Water

33
Q

What is a diamine?

A

A molecule with 2 amino groups

34
Q

What is lost from a diamine during condensation polymerisation?

35
Q

What is an ester link?

A

The functional group of an ester, COO

36
Q

What is an amide link?

A

The functional group of an amide, CONH

37
Q

Draw the polymer that would be created from these 2 monomers

38
Q

Identify the functional group of this polymer

A

Ester Link

39
Q

Draw the polymer that would be formed from these 2 monomers

40
Q

Identify the functional group of this polymer

A

Amide Link

41
Q

Draw the 2 monomers that react to form this polymer

42
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

Amino acid

43
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

Amine functional group (Basic), Organic “R” group, and carboxylic acid group (acidic)

44
Q

What is the functional group of an amine?

45
Q

What is the monomer of a polysaccharide?

A

monosaccharides, such as glucose

46
Q

How many monomers is starch made from?

A

1500 glucose molecules

47
Q

How many monomers is cellulose made from?

48
Q

What is the monomer for DNA?

A

Nucleotides

49
Q

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, Sugar, Base

50
Q

What force holds together the 2 polymer strands in DNA?

A

Intermolecular Forces

51
Q

What bases pair together in DNA?

A

The bases pair complementary, T to A, and C to G

52
Q

What type of polymerisation has 100% atom economy?

A

Addition Polymerisation

53
Q

What is the structure of Starch?

A

It is made from 1500 glucose molecules in branched chains

54
Q

What is the structure of Cellulose?

A

10,000 glucose molecules in straight chains attracted by intermolecular forces

55
Q

What is the word equation for the formation of polysaccharides?

A

Glucose monomers -> Polysaccharide + Water

56
Q

What is the word equation for the formation of polypeptides?

A

Variety of amino acid monomers -> Polypeptide + Water

57
Q

What is the word equation for the formation of DNA?

A

Millions of nucleotides -> DNA + Water

58
Q

Complete the equation for the formation of this polyester

A

IGNORE THIS FLASHCARD, THE FORMULA OF THE POLYESTER IS INCORRECT HUT I CBA TO FIX IT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

59
Q

In what type of polymerisation does the polymer not have the same atoms as the monomers?

A

Condensation Polymerisation

60
Q

What are 2 examples of Polysaccharides?

A

Starch and Cellulose

61
Q

What 4 organic bases can DNA nucleotide monomer unites contain?

A
  • C (Cytosine)
  • A (Adenine)
  • G (Guanine)
  • T (Thymine)
62
Q

What is Polymerisation?

A

The process of using small molecules (monomers) to create long chain molecules (polymers)

63
Q

What do amino acids form during a condensation polymerisation reaction?

A

Polypeptides (proteins)

64
Q

What is the amine functional group?

65
Q

Describe the formation of polypeptides:

A

Polypeptides are made from monomers called amino acids. Amino Acids contain 2 functional groups, an amine group (basic) and a carboxylic acid group (acidic). When the monomers react by condensation polymerisation, the 2 groups react to form bonds. In this way a long polymer chain (the polypeptide) and water is formed.

66
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

DNA is made from many monomers called nucleotides. These nucleotides are made from a base, a sugar, and a phosphate molecule. The nucleotides from a long polymer strand. The DNA molecule is made from 2 polymer strands which run in opposite directions to each other in a double helix structure

67
Q

What is the structural formula of the monomer that formed this polymer?

A

CH₂CH₂

68
Q

Where do you get alkenes from?

A

Cracking long chain hydrocarbons

69
Q

Why is cellulose stronger than starch?

A

Cellulose has straight chains whereas starch has branched chains. This means cellulose chains can line up neatly next to each other, forming stronger intermolecular forces between the polymer chains than those between polymer chains in starch.

70
Q

What functional group do polypeptides contain?

A

Peptide link

71
Q

How many amino acids are there?

72
Q

How is a peptide link formed?

A

When 2 amino acids react

73
Q

How is a amide link formed?

A

When an amino group react with a carboxylic acid group

74
Q

Draw the reaction for the formation of a polyamide

75
Q

Draw the reaction for the formation of a polyester

GCSE Chemistry (15 decks)

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