C11 - POLYMERS

Question 1

What is a polymer

Answer 1

-It is made up by joining together thousands of small identical molecules .

-Scientists call identicca molecules MONOMERS .
–Monomers join togther to form polyymers .

Question 2

There are two gtypes of pollymers ;

Answer 2

-Additional Polymers .
-Condensation polyers .

Question 3

In additional polymers , te monomers are …

Answer 3

alkenes
-CHECK SHEET .

Question 4

Key things about monomersin additonal polymers

Answer 4

-Monomer has a DOUBLE carbon to carbon bond , but a POLYMER has a single Carbon to carbon bond .
-Name of polumer is the word’poly’ ofllwoed by the name of the monomer (monomer ethene would make poly ethene
-POLY = MEANS AMNY

Question 5

SHORT HAND OF SHOWING STRUCTURE OF A POLYMER

Answer 5

REPEATED UNITS (check sheet)

Question 6

stages of making a repeated units - WORK OUT THE REPETED UNITS .

Answer 6

1.Take any two carbon atoms that are next to echother .
2.Draw out the hydrgoen atoms in the strucutre .
3.[ut brackets aroundit .
-Add N to the right of the bracket outside.

Question 7

What does n represent .

Answer 7

N represents a large number .
-It tells us the polymer contains a large number of repeated units .

Question 8

iIN addition polymers , the repeating units havethe atoms as the monomer .

Answer 8

BECAUSE - no other molecule is formed in the reaction .
(100% atom economy , as all the aotms in the monomer end up in polymer ) .
-Repeting unit does not contaian a double bond .

Question 9

EXAM - Draw the addition polymer that would be produced from this monomer.

Answer 9

CHECK SHEET .

Question 10

EXAM draw the repeating unit for the polymer porduced for the monomer propene .

Answer 10

CHECK SHEET

Question 11

What are condensation polymers made from ?

Answer 11

-They are made from monomers .
-However , in codenstion polymers the monomers are NOT ALKENES .
-When these monomers react , we LOOSE small molecules such as wter .

Question 12

CHECK THE SHEET - how are condensation polymers formed ?

Answer 12

-We start with two different monomers . Each of the monomers have two of the same functionl groups .

-Ethane diol has two ALCHOL GROUPS (one group needed )
-Hexandioci acid ha stwo carboxlic acid groups (the seocnd one tha tis needed .

Question 13

Reacting a cabroxylic aicd with an alchol and it porducers an ESTER +WATER

Answer 13

-To form a condenation polymer , we react our two monomers together .
-In this case , one molecule of ethanediol reacts with one molecule of hexanedioic acid .
-We can now continue to add monomers to either end ., lowing u to producer a LONG POLYMER .
-Water moleculeare porduced at the end as a porduct .

Question 14

In reality , thousands of monomers can join together to make POLYMERS .

Answer 14

sCIENITSTS CALL THIS TYPE OF POLYMER polyster .

Question 15

Check sheet ,we can write the repeating unit for the condensation polymers .

Answer 15

1.Pick two ANY ADJACENT MONOMER UNITS AND DRAW THEM OUT .
-Then draw brackets aroun them so that the bodn crosses thorugh each bracket .
-Tehwn write the letter N to the right to show a large numbr .

Question 16

Do the exam question .

Answer 16

-CHECK SHEET .
-There is one of each monomer in the preating unti .
-In this case the rpeaitng unit is 1000.

Question 17

condensation polymers can be formed from amino acids .

Answer 17

glyocene NEED TP KNOW STRUCTURE for example

Question 18

amino acids have two funcitonal groups , check sheet dor structure

Answer 18

amine group
+carboxyliv cid group

Question 19

as we have two funcitonal groups we can react amino acid molecules together to form a CONDENSATION POLYMER.

Answer 19

When reacitng tow glycene togehter . , we also form a molecule of water - s the product is wagter - THAT IS HOW WE KNOW IT IS A CONDENSATION EWACTION .
-Now we can add anogther glycine molecule ono one end and we make another molecule of water .

-We can CONTINE ADDING GLYCENE MOELCULES - to form a polymer .

Question 20

we can repeat the reaction above in a simpelr way (check the sheet)

Answer 20

-The letter”n” tells us the number of glycene molecules taking part in the rreaction keep checking sheets yall .

Question 21

glycene moelcues reacting to form polymer (1)

Answer 21

-As this polymer is made from only ONE TYPE of mino cid we clal it a polypeptate.

Question 22

Key all aminoa cids have two important funcitonal group (amine groupe and carboxylic acid group)

Answer 22

so can orm condensation polymers jsut like glycine .

Question 23

glycene moelcues reacting to form polymer (2)

Answer 23

-When we combine DIFFERENT amino caids in rthe same chain , we can now call them polymers,

Question 24

Dn is found in almost all vining organisms - wht is it ?

Answer 24

DNA encodes the genetic instructions that living ogrganisms need to develop and function .

Question 25

Strution of DNA

Answer 25

Dna consists of two polymer chins made from monomers called NUCLEOTIDIES .
-4 different nucleotide monomers - CGAT .
-The two polymer chains wrp around eachother to form a DOUBLE HELIX .

Question 26

oTHER NATURALLY occuring polymers

Answer 26

Protiens - polymers of amino aicds .(MONOMER
-Starch - polymers of glucose MONOMER
Cellulose –> polymer of glucose MONOMER
pOLYMER-MONOMER that is how it is labelled

Althoughs tarch and cellulose both have glucose the glucose molecules are AARRNGED IN SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT WAY .