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Chemistry > C10 - Organic Reactions > Flashcards

C10 - Organic Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

-Alkenes molecules contain a double bond between the carbon atoms .

A

-Because of the double nomd , alkanes all react in a SIMILAR WAY .
-Scientists call the odubel bond - THE ALKENE FUNCTIONAL GROUP .

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2
Q

Meaning of functional group

A

Part of the molecule that determeines how it reacts .
-All alkenes have the SAME functional group (carbon to carbon double bond )

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3
Q

-Scientists call molecules sucha s alkenes a homologous series .

A

-Members of a homologous seriees all have the SAME FUNCTIONAL GROUP .
-Each molecule in a homologous series has an EXTRA CARBON ATOM +TWO EXTRA HYDROGEN ATOMS .

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4
Q

Learn the reactions for alkenes and the conditions

A

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5
Q
  1. Combustion of alkenes (burns )
A

-When we combust alakanes we porduce carbondioxide and water , this is also true when we combust alkenes .

-HOWEVER , combusting an alkenee also produces unburnt carbon particles . That is because of INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION , menaing alkenees burn in air with a smoky flame .

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6
Q

-Alkenes reaction with hydrogen
(Check sheet)

A

-Known as HYDROG
-conditions for this reaction - REQUIRES A TEMPERATURE OF 150 DEGREES AROUND
-We also need a NICKEL CATALST - to speed up the reaction . .

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7
Q

Hydrogenation reaction explained

A

-In this reaction , the two hydrogen atoms add across the double bond .
-The carbon to carbon double bond is converted iNTO A CABON TO CARBON singl ebond .
-In e.g - ethene has to be converted into the alkane ethane
-SO REACITNG AN ALKENE WITH HYDROGEN PRODUCES AN ALKENE .

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8
Q

Reaction of alkekens with water is called HYDRATION
(check sheet )

A

CONDITIONS OF RHYDRATION
-Water must bei nt he form of steam .
-The temperature must be aroudn 300 degrees .
-Pressure around 70 atmospheres .
-We can also use phosphoric acid as a catalyst to speed up the reaction .

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9
Q

The reactions is reversible …

A

-SO to increase the yield of ethnol , any unreacted ethene and steam are passed back through the ctalsst .

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10
Q

This reaction might appear as a REVERSIBLE REACTIOn , in the exam .

A

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11
Q

-Reaction of alkenes with Halogesn , Chlorine , Bromine , and Iodine .

A

-Alkenes react quiet rapidlyw ith Halogens .

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12
Q

Reaction with Chorien (check book)

A

-The two chlorine aotms int he chlorine molecule have added acroos the double bond .
-The oduble carbon to carbon bond have now turned into a single carbon to carbon bond .

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13
Q

Bromine …
-Iodine …

A

Dibromoethane
-Diodoethane

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14
Q

Uses of alkenes

A

-fuels
-Solvents
-Alcholic drinks

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15
Q

The alchohols are a homologous series (same funcitonal group)

A

which is OH .
CH3OH strcutral FORMULA for methanol .

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16
Q

Need to know the name and strcuture for the first FOUR ALCHOLS

A

,,,

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17
Q

STRUCTURE OF METHANOL

A

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18
Q

STRUCTURE OF ETHANOL

A

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19
Q

STRUCTURE OF PROPONAL

A

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20
Q

STRUCUTRE OF bUGTANOL

A

…

21
Q

ONE way of making alcohol

A

-Hyddration of Ethene .
-LOOKA AT LAST SHEET FORMULA

22
Q

Advanatage of using hydration of ethene to make alcohol

A

-Reaction produces a high yeld of ethanol .

23
Q

Disadvanatage of using hydration of ethene to make alcohol .

A

-Reaction reqruies a high temperature in other words - A LOT OF ENERGY ,
-Ethene for thi reaction comes from CRUDE OIl , this is nonrenewable .

24
Q

ANOTHER WAY of making

A

-Fermentatiion of suagr .
-CHECK REACTION ON SHEET .
-In fermentation we start wuth a sugar solution such as glucose and we mix thris with yeast .
-The yeast converts to the sugar solution to a solution of ethnaol . Carbondioxide gaas is also produced .

25
Q

What are the conditions of fermentation ?

A

-The temperature should be around 30 degrees .
-The reaction must take place in anaerboic conditions (without oxygen ) .

26
Q

Advanatage of fermentation to make alcohol ?

A

-The low temperature means that the reaction does not require a lot of energy .
-The sugar for this reaction comes from plants and therefore , is renewable .

27
Q

Dsadvanatage of fermentation to make alcohol ?

A

-The product is an aqueous solution of ethanol . (Ethanol dissolved in water) .
-We need to PURIFY ehtanol by distillaiton and that requires energy .

28
Q

Alcohols solubility in water

A

-Alchoks are soluble in water and form neutral solutions .
-As the numebr sof carbon atoms increases the SOLUBILTITY DECREASES .

29
Q

1.Reaction with sodium
(check sheet)

A

-Int his reaction we see bubbles of hydorgen gas being produced .
-We also make the product sodium ethoxide .
(same reaction for methanol ,ethanol and propanol and butanol , first THREE letters of each alocohol and add ‘oxide’)

30
Q

ReEACTION WITH oxidising agents
(check sheet )

A
  • good example of an oxidising agent is ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE .
    -When alchools react with oxidising agents , they produce CARBOXYLIC ACID +WATER .
    (same reaction with other four alchosl first four letters add ‘oic’ and acid’)
31
Q

Reaction with combustion

A

-Alchols release energy when combusted .
-Combusitng a n alochol in air produces carbondioxide+water .
check sheet and also balancing equations

32
Q

If we react an alcohol with an oxidising agent ?

A

-We produce a carboxylic acid .

33
Q

Carboxlic acids

A

-are a homologous serious , they all have the same fucnitonal group -COOH

34
Q

-Rather than drawing the individual atoms and bons , scientists rather use a structural formulas .

A

-Learn the Chemical formulas .

35
Q

These acids will be from smallest to biggest

A

…

36
Q

Chemical and structural formula for methanoic aicd

A

…

37
Q

Chemical and structural formula for ethanoic acid

A

…

38
Q

Chemical and structural formula for propanoic acid

A

…

39
Q

Chemical and strucutral formual ofr butaanoic acid .

A

…

40
Q

Dissolving carboxylic acids in water

A

check sheet for equation

41
Q

-In water , carboxylic acids are weak acids

A

-Ethanoic acid is ionising to produce the ehtanotate ionand H+

42
Q

What type of reaction is dissolving carboxylic acids in water

A

-This is a reversible reaction ; ethanoate ion and H+ can resemble to form ethanoic acid .

43
Q

Why are carboxylic acids known as WEAK ACIDS ?

A

-As the carboxlic aicds onl partially ionse in aqueous solutions , they are Weak acids .

–Meaning carboxlic acids have a HIGHER pH than a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid .

44
Q

Carboxylic acids reactng with metal carbonate

A

check sheet for equation .

45
Q

Carboxylic acids reactng with metal carbonate EXPLAINED
check sheet and online ofr the other two carboxlic acids

-Get begginign of acid and stick’ate’ to it .

A

-We have made the salt sodiume thnaote and carbondioxide gas +water /
(all carboxylic acids react like this with emtl carbonates .)

46
Q

Reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols .
-check sheet for equation and learn .

A

-When we react carboxylic acid with an alcohol , we make a molecule called an ester . WE ALSO MAKE WATER .
-eSTERS ARE REALLY useful molecules , as they often have a plesant smell (used in perfumes) .

47
Q

Key points about the reaction

A

-The reaction requires a sulfuric acid catalyst .
-It is a reversile reaction , so you can seeit in a quetion for reversible reactions .

Chemistry (20 decks)

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