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241 - 11 > C11 9-11 > Flashcards

C11 9-11 Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

capacity to do work

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2
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy - a concentration or electrical gradient across the plasma membrane

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3
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion - movement of ions from great to lesser concentration or movement ions (charged particles) to ions of opposite charge

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4
Q

Ions

A

charged particles - distribution of charged particles are key to nervous function, opposite charges attract and it takes energy to separate them

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5
Q

Cations

A

positively charges particles - Na+, K+, Ca2+

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6
Q

Anions

A

negatively charged particle - Cl-, most proteins, ATP phosphate

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7
Q

Voltage

A

measure of the amount of difference in electrical charge between two points call the potential difference

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8
Q

Current

A

flow of electrical charge or movement of charged particles from point to point.
Dependent on voltage and resistance.
Current = voltage/resistance

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9
Q

Apply the concepts of voltage, current and resistance to neurons.

A 
Voltage = the difference between charge potential on the inside and outside of the plasma membrane.  Current = generated when either + or - charged ions cross the plasma membrane.  
Resistance = The plasma membrane offers resistance, and the resistance can be altered by opening and closing ion channels
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10
Q

Pump

A
  • Moves sustances against a concentration gradient. -Requires energy.
  • Na+/K+ pump, Ca2+ pump
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11
Q

Channel

A

-Moves substances down a concentration gradient. -Channel types: Leakage/nongated, chemically gated/Ligand, voltage gated, mechanically gated.

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12
Q

Leakage/nongated channel

A

Always open, Na+ & K+ channels

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13
Q

Chemically gated (Ligand) channel

A

Open when the appropriate chemical/neurotransmitter/neuromodulator/molecule binds. K+ Na+ Cl- Ca2+

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14
Q

Voltage-gated channel

A

Open in response to a change in membrane potential. Usually in one of two states: open or closed. Na+ K+ Ca2+

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15
Q

Why are voltage gated sodium channels unique?

A

They have two gates - an inactivation gate and an activation gate. Also, they exhibit 3 states: resting, activation, inactivation.

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16
Q

Mechanically gated channel

A

Open when a membrane receptor is physically deformed; found in sensory neurons and respond to things like light or pressure.

17
Q

Resting state - voltage gated sodium channel

A

Inactivation gate open, activation gate closed

18
Q

Activation state - voltage gated sodium channel

A

Both inactivation and activation gate open

19
Q

Inactivation state - voltage gated sodium channel

A

Activation gate open, inactivation gate temporarily closed.

20
Q

What type of pumps and channels in the entire plasma membrane of a neuron?

A

Leak channels: Na+ and K+

Pumps: Na+/K+

21
Q

What type of pumps and channels in receptive region (dendrites/cell body)?

A

Chemical (ligand) channels: Cation, K+, Cl-

Some voltage gated channels.

22
Q

What type of pumps and channels in the initial segment (axon hillock)?

A

Voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels.

23
Q

What type of pumps and channels in the conductive segment (length of axon/axon terminals)?

A

Voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels.

24
Q

What type of pumps and channels in the transmissive or secretory segment (synaptic knobs)?

A

Voltage gated Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ pumps.

25
Q

Electrical gradient

A

Difference in electrical charge between two areas

26
Q

Chemical gradient

A

Unequal distribution of a substance

27
Q

How is RMP established in a neuron?

A

RMP is a consequence of differences in K+/Na+ concentrations and plasma membrane permeability to ions.
K+ diffuses out of neuron because of chemical gradient, but stops diffusing out because it is pulled back by the electrical gradient. (A-) (-90mV)
Na+ diffuses in because of the electrical and chemical gradient . (Changes to -70mV)
More K+ leak channels than Na+.
Sod-Pot pump plays a small role in establishing

28
Q

How is RMP maintained in a neuron?

A

Maintenance of RMP is done by Na+/K+ ATPase pump. Continually establishes gradients for both Na+ and K+. 3 Na+ out to 2 K+ in

29
Q

Language of the NS

A

Graded potentials, Action potentials, Neurotransmitters

30
Q

What contributes to RMP?

A

Unequal distribution of charge, membrane permeability

31
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

The voltage that exists across the plasma membrane during the resting state of an excitable cell.

32
Q

What substances are found inside the neuron?

A

Negative phosphate ions found in ATP
Negatively charged proteins
K+

33
Q

What substances are found in interstitial fluid?

A

Na+

Cl- (chloride)

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