C10 using resources

Question 1

what are earths resources used to provide humans with?

Answer 1

shelter, warmth, food and transport

Question 2

what do natural resources from agriculture provide?

Answer 2

timber, food, clothing and fuels

Question 3

where do the finite resources come from and what are they processed to provide?

Answer 3

earths oceans and atmosphere. energy and materials

Question 4

what do techniques and research provide?

Answer 4

new products and improve sustainability

Question 5

what are plastics usually made from?

Answer 5

using ethene from crude oil

Question 6

how can raw material, there also be obtained?

Answer 6

from ethanol. produced during fermentation

Question 7

what are industries starting to use for the process (ethene from ethanol.)

Answer 7

renewable crop for the process

Question 8

what is the LCAS?

Answer 8

life cycle assessments.

Question 9

why are LCAS carried out?

Answer 9

assess the environmental impact of products.

Question 10

what does the LCAS assess at each stage?

Answer 10

use and sustainability of raw materials
Use of energy at all stages
Use of water at all stages
Production and disposal of waste products are all stages
Transport and distribution at all stages

Question 11

reduce reuse and recycle, why is this strategy useful at reducing the use of limited resources?

Answer 11

Reduces energy sources being used, reduces waste in landfill and reduces environmental impact

Question 12

what are limited raw materials used for?

Answer 12

Metals, glass, building, materials, plastics, and clay ceramics

Question 13

What is most of the energy required for the use of limited raw materials come from and how can obtaining raw materials from the Earth be done?

Answer 13

Limited resources, quarrying and mining, which causes environmental impacts

Question 14

how can metals be recycled?

Answer 14

Melting and recasting/reforming

Question 15

how can glass bottles be reused and what happens if products cannot be reused?

Answer 15

crushed and mounted to make different glass products
Products that cannot be reused or recycled

Question 16

what is potable water?

Answer 16

Water of an appropriate quality, which contains low levels of dissolved, compounds, and a safety drink

Question 17

What does rain provide water with?

Answer 17

Low levels of dissolved substances

Question 18

where does rainwater collect and how is it used to make potable water?

Answer 18

Collecting grounds/lakes/rivers
Appropriate sources chosen, which is then passed through filter bed and then sterilised

Question 19

why would desalination need to occur?

Answer 19

A freshwater is limited and salty/seawater is needed for drinking

Question 20

how could desalination be achieved? What are the issues associated with it?

Answer 20

Distillation or using large membranes, such as reverse osmosis
These processes require large amount of energy

Question 21

where is waste water produced from?

Answer 21

Urban out and industrial processes

Question 22

what does wastewater require to happen to them before use in the environment and what does sewage need to have done?

Answer 22

Required treatment before using the environment
sewage needs organic matter and harmful microbes removed.

Question 23

what is included in sewage treatment?

Answer 23

screening and grit removal
sedimentation to produce sludge and effluent (liquid waste or sewage)
anaerobic digestion of sludge
aerobic biological treatment of effluent

Question 24

as high grade metal ores are becoming rare what are the new alternative?

Answer 24

low grade ores are being developed

Question 25

what is phytomining?

Answer 25

plants absorb metal compounds through their roots

Question 26

what is the process of phytomining?

Answer 26

planted which had absorbed metal compounds are harvested then burnt. ash contains metal compounds metal compound can be processed to obtain the metal from it

Question 27

what is bioleaching?

Answer 27

bacteria is used to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds

Question 28

what is the process of bioleaching and give an example?

Answer 28

metal compounds can be processed to obtain metal from it. eg: copper can be obtained from its compound by displacement or electrolysis

Question 29

what is corrosion?

Answer 29

destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

Question 30

what is an example of corrosion, what conditions are needed for it to occur?

Answer 30

iron rusting. iron reacts with oxygen but water is needed for it to occur

Question 31

how can we prevent rusting?

Answer 31

coatings can be added to materials to act as a barrier.

Question 32

what are some examples of how we can prevent rusting?

Answer 32

greasing, painting and electroplating.

Question 33

what does aluminium have which helps prevent it from corrosion?

Answer 33

oxide coating

Question 34

what is sacrificial protection?

Answer 34

when a more reactive metal is used to coat a less reactive metal

Question 35

what are alloys and give an example?

Answer 35

mixture of two elements one of which must be a metal bronze is an alloy of copper and tin

Question 36

what is gold usually and what are gold carats?

Answer 36

gold jewellery is usually an alloy of silver, copper and zinc carat of the jewellery is a measure of the amount of gold it it eg: 18 carat is 75% gold

Question 37

what are steels?

Answer 37

alloy of iron, carbon and other metals.

Question 38

what are the properties of steels?

Answer 38

high carbon steel is soft but brittle low carbon steel is softer and d easily shaped

Question 39

what are the properties of steel containing chromium and nickel (stainless?)

Answer 39

hard and corrosion resistant

Question 40

what kind of density does aluminium alloys have?

Answer 40

low density

Question 41

what does NPK fertilisers contain?

Answer 41

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

Question 42

what are some examples of fertilisers and how are they obtained?

Answer 42

potassium chloride, potassium sulphate and phosphate rock are obtained by mining.

Question 43

fertilisers: how do phosphate rocks need to be treated, why and what can ammonia be used to manufacture?

Answer 43

acid to produce a soluble salt which is then used as a fertiliser ammonium salts and nitric acids

Question 44

what happens when phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid?

Answer 44

acid neutralised with ammonia produces monism phosphate NPK fertiliser

Question 45

what happens when phosphate rock is treated with sulfuric acid?

Answer 45

calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate

Question 46

what happens when phosphate rock is treated with phosphoric acid?

Answer 46

calcium phosphate

Question 47

what are the conditions required for the haber process?

Answer 47

200atm 450 degrees c

Question 48

why does the haber process require 200 atm?

Answer 48

favour formation of ammonia products side of the equation have fewer molecules of gas

Question 49

why does the haber process require 450 degrees?

Answer 49

higher temp ensures reasonable rate of reaction

Question 50

what is the haber process used to manufacture?

Answer 50

ammonia

Question 51

haber process: what is a yield?

Answer 51

ammonia is condensed separates and unused gases recycle

Question 52

haber process: what is a catalyst?

Answer 52

iron speed up both directions of the reaction

Question 53

haber process: what raw materials are used and how are they used?

Answer 53

nitrogen from the air while hydrogen from natural gas both purified before passing over iron catalyst

Question 54

haber process: under what conditions are raw materials used?

Answer 54

high temp 450 degrees pressure 200 atmospheres

Question 55

haber process: what is it used to make?

Answer 55

manufacture ammonia which is used to make fertilisers

Question 56

what is HDPE called, made out of and what does it look like?

Answer 56

high density polyethene polymer chains not branched but can be packed closely together

Question 57

what is LDPE called, what does it look like?

Answer 57

low density polyethene chains that are branched out and cannot pack well

Question 58

polymers: how can you change the properties of polyethene.

Answer 58

using different catalysts and conditions to form polymers from the monomers

Question 59

what is composite materials made from?

Answer 59

mixture of materials put together for a specific purpose

Question 60

what are some examples of composite materials?

Answer 60

soda-lime glass borosilicate glass MDF wood concrete

Question 61

how can you make soda-lime glass?

Answer 61

heating sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

Question 62

how can you make borosilicate glass?

Answer 62

sand and boron trioxide, melts at higher temps than soda lime glass

Question 63

how can you make MDF wood?

Answer 63

wood hips, shavings, sawdust, resin

Question 64

how can you make concrete?

Answer 64

cement, sand, gravel

Question 65

what are ceramic materials made from?

Answer 65

made from clay

Question 66

how are ceramic materials made and give some examples?

Answer 66

shaping wet clay then heating in a furnace, common examples pottery and bricks