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chemistry > C10 > Flashcards

C10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we use resources for

A

We use recourses to provide
-warmth
-food
-shelter
-transport

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2
Q

How are resources produced

A

-Agriculture (eg Cotton
-scientists have replaced natural recourses with synthetic alternatives
(Eg crude oil rubber)

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3
Q

What is a finite recourse

A

Recourses that cannot be replaced as quickly as they are being used,they will run out
(Eg fossil fuels)

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4
Q

What is a renewable recourse

A

Recluses we can replace as quickly as we use them(will not run out )

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5
Q

Why is it important that human activities are sustainable

A

We can meet our needs without preventing future generations from meeting theirs

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6
Q

How does chemistry play an important role in how we use recourses

A

-artificial recourses allow us to grow more food with the land available
-helps us provide safe drinking water

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7
Q

What do processes such as phto mining and bio leaching help us do

A

Help us extract metals more efficiently

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8
Q

What does drinking water have to have for it to be able to be drunk

A

-low levels of dissolved salts
-cannot have high levels of microbes

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9
Q

What is water that is safe to drink called

A

Potable water

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10
Q

What is pure water

A

-water which contains no dissolved substances

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11
Q

What is pure water

A

Water which contains no dissolved substances at all

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12
Q

In the uk what is our main source of potable water

A

Rain water(low levels of dissolved substances)

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13
Q

What are good sources of fresh water

A

Aquifers,lakes,rivers an in reservoirs.

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14
Q

How do we produce potable water

A

-choose a fresh water source
-pass water through filter beds
-water is sterilised

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15
Q

How is potable water produced from salt water

A

-desalination

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16
Q

What is desalination

A

-reduced the levels of dissolved minerals down to an acceptable level for potable water

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17
Q

What ways is desalination carried out

A

-reverse osmosis (passing through membrane)
-distillation
-reduce the levels of dissolved minerals

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18
Q

What is the issue with desalination

A

-requires a large amount of energy which makes them very expensive

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19
Q

what does waste water contain

A

-organic molecules
-harmful microorganisms

20
Q

how is waste water treated

A

-the sewage is screened by passing through mesh (removing solids and grit)
-sewage settles in large sedimentation tanks
(this produces a liquid effluent and a semi solid sludge which sinks)
-sludge is taken away by anaerobic bacteria
-in absence of oxygen bacteria produces biogas
-digested sludge can be used for fertilisers

21
Q

what does liquid effluent contain

A

contains large amounts of organic molecules and harmful microorganisms

22
Q

how is the molecules and bacteria in liquid effluent reduced

A

-air is bubbled through the liquid effluent allowing aerobic bacteria to multiply
-in the presence of oxygen the aerobic bacteria digest the organic molecules and harmful microorganisms
-now the liquid effluent can be safely discharges into nearby rivers or into the sea

23
Q

what is water used for

A

-industry
-personal hygiene

24
Q

how is water that is used in industry be treated

A

-remove harmful chemicals
-enter general sewage treatment

25
Q

what is the easiest way to produce potable water

A

-use ground waters from aquifers
-usually safe to drink once it has been treated with chlorine

26
Q

what is a potential problem in water from aquifers

A

-sometimes can be polluted
-water has to be tested carefully

27
Q

how is potable water made from waste water

A

-involves many purification steps
-only done is places where water in scarce

28
Q

how is phytomining carried out

A

-plants grown on land containing metal compound
-plants aborn metal compound and concentrate it in their tissue
-plants are harvested and burned
-the ash contains a relatively high concentration of the metal compound

29
Q

how is bioleaching carried out

A

-bacteria are mixed with low grade ore
-bacteria carry out chemical reactions and produce a solution called leachate
-leachate contains metal compound we want

30
Q

at the end of both phytomining and bioleaching we need to extract the metal from the compound - how do we do this

A

we can displace the metal with a more reactive metal
-electrolysis

31
Q

what do both phytomining and bioleaching allow us to do

A

-economically extract metals from low grade ores
-do not involve digging and transporting large amounts of rock unlike in traditional mining

32
Q

what is a life cycle assessment

A

attempts to put a number on the environmental impact of a product

33
Q

what is the stages of the life cycle assessment

A

-we need to asses the environmental impact of extracting and processing the raw materials
-asses the environmental impact of the product during its lifetime
-we need to asses the disposal of the product at the end of its useful life

34
Q

how are polymers such as plastics produced

A

-using crude oil
-oil is extracted from the ground and then transported to oil refineries
-hydrocarbons have to be separated and then cracked
-the polymer has to be has to be produced
-all of these processes take a lot of energy,this leads to climate change

35
Q

how does extracting metal require a lot of energy

A

-ore has to be dug out of the mine and transported for processing
-the metal has to be extracted from the ore producing large amounts of toxic waste products

36
Q

what is the life cycle assessment like of a plastic shopping bag

A

-plastic bags are produced using chemicals from crude oil(non renewable)
-extracting crude oil can be harmful for environment, oil leak
-Crude Oil needs to be chemically processed, requiring large amount of energy and releases waste product
-plastic shopping bags are strong and are often reused as bin liners
-at the end of their life have to be transported to landfills
-plastic is non biodegradable and remain in the environment for a while

37
Q

what is the life cycle assessment like of a paper shopping bag

A

-paper bags are made from wood from trees(renewable)
-felling trees for wood is extremely destructive towards habitats
-Woods need to be chemically processed, requiring large amount of energy and releases waste products
-paper shopping bags are not strong and tend to tear
-at the end of their life have to be transported for recycling
-paper breaks down quickly

38
Q

what is the problem with the life cycle assessment

A

we cannot be certain of how damaging the waste products are to the environment
-this means in some cases we have to make estimates or value judgements which may not always be accurate
-life cycle assessments be biased

39
Q

how are raw materials produced

A

-quarrying
-mining

40
Q

how is quarrying harmful to the environment

A

produces large amounts of dust and destroys habitats
-takes a lot of energy to turn these raw materials into useful products
-this energy comes from limited resources

41
Q

how is mining harmful to the environment

A

releases harmful chemicals into the environment
-takes a lot of energy to turn these raw materials into useful products
-this energy comes from limited resources

42
Q

why is it important that we reduce our need for raw materials through reusing or recycling

A

-will help save limited resources and energy
-will reduce the amount of waste that we produce and have less harmful effect on the environment

43
Q

how do we recycle metals

A

melt them and recast them into differnt products

44
Q

what is the problems with recycling metals

A

-different metals usually have to be separated before being recycled
-however that depends on the properties of the final product

45
Q

how is ground water treated

A

-filtered
-sterilized

46
Q

how is sea water treated

A

-reverse osmosis
-distillation

chemistry (12 decks)

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