C1: T1- Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards
what are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
protection, muscle attachment, joints, blood cell production and mineral storage.
describe the importance of the function protection in the skeletal system.
- many bones act as a a shell to protect the body
- they protect vital organs as well as the spinal cord
- this is crucial for any person for everyday life but particularly sport and physical exercise.
Give 6 sporting examples of what potential injuries the ribcage, vertebral, cranium could protect the body from (2 for each)
ribcage - kickboxing, rugby
vertebral - diving, trampolining
cranium (skull) - cycling, gymnastics
describe the importance of the function muscle attachment in the skeletal system.
- the skeleton is jointed to allow us to move
- muscles are attached to bones via tendons; when muscles contract, they pull on the bone creating movement
give an example of muscle attachment and explain it.
The biceps contract/ shorten to pull on the tendons attached to the bones in the lower arm. This pulls the lower arm towards the upper arm - the elbow joint is flexed.
define the term joints
where two or more bones meet and allow movement to take place.
where are the 4 most commonly used joints located?
hip joint, knee joint, elbow joint, shoulder
describe the importance of the function blood cell production in the skeletal system.
- red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are produced in bone marrow contained within certain bones and all play a very important role in making sure an athlete is playing at optimum level
what is the function of red blood cells and who would benefit from having more?
red blood cells carry oxygen and having more red blood cells would benefit long distance swimmers and runners to improve their endurance
what is the function of white blood cells and who would benefit from having more?
white blood cells help fight against illness and disease and all athletes would benefit from having more as it helps ensure the optimum performance is met and maintained.
what is the function of platelets and who would benefit from having more?
platelets make scabs and form blood clots at wounds to stop excessive bleeding and prevent infection. All sports would benefit from having more platelets as injury is very easily done, but particularly contact sports such as rugby.
where is bone marrow found in the body?
ends of the femur and humerus, in the ribs, sternum, pelvis and vertebrae.
describe the importance of the function mineral storage in the skeletal system.
- many minerals are stored within the bones and these are necessary for vital body functions such as strong teeth and bones.
list 5 sports where having strong bones is important
- rugby
- boxing
- gymnastics
- horse riding
gk in football
list the 4 types of bones
long, short, flat, irregular
define the term long bones
Bones that are longer than they are wide. These bones play a large part in leverage and movement.
define the term short bones
Bones that are box-like in shape. These are designed to be weight bearing.
define the term flat bones
Thin, plate bones the act like a shell. they provide protection and a large surface for muscle to attach.
define irregular bones
unusually shaped bones for a unique purpose. These are also there for protection and provide a large area for muscle to attach.
how many bones are in the vertebral column?
there are 33 vertebrae in the vertebral column.
what are the 5 sections in the vertebral column and how many vertebrae are in each section?
- cervical, 7 vertebrae
- thoracic, 12 vertebrae
- lumbar, 5 vertebrae
- sacrum, 5 fused vertebrae
- coccyx, 4 fused vertebrae
the skeletal system:
head bone= ?
shoulder bone= ?
collarbone= ?
upper arm bone= ?
2 lower arm bones= ?
upper leg bone= ?
knee bone= ?
breast bone= ?
2 lower leg bones= ?
3 feet bones= ?
3 hand bones= ?
ribs= ?
pelvis=?
the skeletal system:
head bone= cranium
shoulder bone= scapula
collarbone= clavicle
upper arm bone= humorous
2 lower arm bones= ulna, radius
upper leg bone= femur
knee bone= patella
breast bone= sternum
2 lower leg bones= tibia, fibia
3 feet bones= tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
3 hand bones= carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
ribs= ribcage
pelvis= pelvis
name the 4 types of joint
pivot, hinge, ball and socket, condyloid
describe the movement found at a pivot joint and give an example where it is found
pivot joints allow rotation and tilting and is located in the neck and spine.
name a sporting example in which a pivot joint is used
cricket, golf
describe the movement found at a hinge joint and give an example where it is found
hinge joints allow flexion and extension and provide power to jump,throw and bend.
hinge joints are located at the knee and elbow
name a sporting example in which a hinge joint is used
dance/gymnastics, football, netball
describe the movement found at a ball and socket joint and give an example where it is found
ball and socket joints allow rotation and provide flexibility to move.
ball and socket joints are found at the shoulder and hip
name a sporting example in which a ball and socket joint is used
swimming, throwing
describe the movement found at a condyloid jointed give an example where it is found
condyloid joints allow forward, backwards, left and right movement, however this movement is limited.
condyloid joints are found between metacarpals and phalanges.
name a sporting example in which a condyloid joints used
golf, boxing, gymnastics
what does a ligament connect?
bone to bone
what does a tendon connect?
muscle to bone
what is the main role of ligaments and tendons?
tendons allow movement to happen, and ligaments prevent the movement going too far.
define flexion
the angle a joint is decreased
define extension
the angle at a joint is increased
define abduction
when a limb is move away from the midline (take away)
define adduction
when a limb is brought back towards the midline (add back)
define rotation
when a part of the body twists around its long axis
define circumduction
combination of flexion, abduction, adduction, and extension and looks as tho you are doing circle in the air (360 degrees). This movement only happens at the shoulder.
define dorsi-flexion
when toes are raised towards the shin
define plantar-flexion
when toes are pointed away from the shin
define voluntary muscle
muscle involved in skeletal movement
define involuntary muscle
the muscle involved in digestion and vascular shunting
define cardiac muscle
the muscle of the heart, which pumps blood around the body
true or false?
cardiac muscle is under conscious control
false - cardiac muscle is under unconscious control as you don’t think about it
true or false?
involuntary muscle is under unconscious control
true
true or false?
voluntary muscle is under conscious control
true
define vascular shunting
a process that increases blood flow to active areas during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas. this is achieved by vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
decide wether these statements are about ligaments or tendons;
1. strong elastic fibres
2. strong non-elastic fibres
3. connect muscle to tissue
4. concoct bone to bone
5. when stretch to far joints may dislocate
6. enable muscles to move the skeleton
7. keep joints stable during exercise
decide wether these statements are about ligaments or tendons;
1. ligament
2. tendons
3. tendons
4. ligaments
5.ligaments
6. tendons
7. ligaments
what is vasodilation?
the widening of the internal diameter (lumen) of a blood vessel to increase blood flow
what is vasoconstriction?
the narrowing of the internal diameter (lumen) of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow
muscular system:
shoulder muscle=?
2 arm muscles=?
hip muscles=?
tummy muscles=?
chest muscles=?
side torso muscles=?
upper front leg muscles=?
lower front leg muscles=?
back muscle=?
bottom muscles=?
upper back leg muscle=?
lower back leg muscle=?
muscular system:
shoulder muscle= deltoid
2 arm muscles= bicep, tricep
hip muscles= hip flexor
tummy muscles= abdominal
chest muscles= pectorals
side torso muscles= external obliques
upper front leg muscles= quadriceps
lower front leg muscles=tibialis anterior
back muscle= latissimus dorsi
bottom muscles= gluteus Maximus
upper back leg muscle= hamstring
lower back leg muscle= gastrocnemius
what type of movement does the deltoid allow?
abduction
what type of movement do the biceps allow?
flexion at the elbow
what type of movement do the abdominals allow?
upper body moves forwards (bend)
what type of movement do the quadriceps allow?
extension at the knee
what type of movement do the pectorals allow?
arms brought/pulled back intowards your body - adduction
what type of movement does the latissimus dorsi allow?
arms brought/ pulled back into your body
what type of movement does the external obliques allow?
rotation of the torso
what type of movement do the triceps allow?
extension at the elbow
what type of movement does the gluteus Maximus allow?
brings your upper body up and bring leg back to hip
what type of movement does the hamstring allow?
pulls/bends leg at the knee - flexion
what type of movement does the tibialis anterior allow?
flexes the ankle joint so you can pull toes towards body
what type of movement does the gastrocnemius allow?
extends the ankle joint so you can stand on tiptoes
what type of movement do the hip flexors allow?
pulls upper leg towards the chest
what are antagonistic muscle pairs and can you give an example?
as one muscle contracts (shortens) its partner relaxes (lengthens)
e.g. bicep and tricep
what is the agonist?
the agonist is the muscle which is contracting (doing the work)
what is the antagonist?
the antagonist is the muscle which is relaxing
an NFL player requires flexion at the elbow, what is the antagonistic muscle pair?
bicep and tricep
bicep is contracting (shortening) and so is the agonist
tricep is relaxing (lengthening) and so is the antagonist
a golfer requires extension at the elbow, what is the antagonistic muscle pair?
tricep and bicep
tricep is contracting (shortening) and so is the agonist
bicep is relaxing (lengthening) and so is the antagonist
a footballer requires flexion at the knee, what is the antagonistic muscle pair?
hamstring, quadriceps
hamstring is contracting (shortening) and so is the agonist
quadricep is relaxing (lengthening) and so is the antagonist
a gymnast requires plantar-flexion, what is the antagonistic muscle pair?
gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
gastrocnemius is contracting (shortening) and so is the agonist
tibialis anterior is relaxing (lengthening) and so is the antagonist
a netballer requires movement at the arm/shoulder, what is the antagonistic muscle pair?
deltoid and latissimus dorsi
deltoid is contracting (shortening) and so is the agonist
latissimus dorsi is relaxing (lengthening) and so is the antagonist
what are the three types of muscle fibre types?
type 1 - slow twitch
type lla - fast twitch
type llx - very fast twitch
what are type 1 muscle fibres best suited for and why ?
low intensity aerobic work (e.g. marathon running) because they can be used fir a long period of time without fatiguing
what are type lla muscle fibres best suited for?
lengthy anaerobic work (e.g. 800m race)
how can type lla muscle fibres be improved?
through endurance training to increase their resistance to fatigue
what are type llx muscle fibres best suited for and why?
anaerobic work (100m race) as they can generate much more power and force then the other muscle fibre types but they fatigue easily.
during athletic field events why is type llx muscle fibres used?
all athletic field events are short and quick events which require max effort.
in the past what was type llx also known as?
type llb
define the term cardiovascular system
the heart, blood vessels and blood
what are the three functions of the cardiovascular system?
transport, clotting, temperature regulation
explain the function of clotting in the cardiovascular system
clotting is the formation of a scab which is caused from the platelets found in the blood. clotting guards the body against infection and disease and helps reduce excess bleeding
explain the function of temperature relation in the cardiovascular system
- to avoid overheating during physical activity the body needs to regulate its temperature.
- vasodilation takes place when the body is too hot as it increases blood flow to the skin where it is cooled
- by controlling the lumen of blood vessels allows the body to remain it’s temperature at 37 degrees.
explain the function of transport in the cardiovascular system
- blood delivers what the body need to work such as oxygen and nutrients
- good transport is crucial in daily life but particularly in physical activity
- the blood also carries waste such as co2 and lactic acid
- the need to get rid of waste products increases when doing physical activity
explain the structure of the cardiovascular system
- 4 chambers: right and left atrium
right and left ventricle - right side carries deoxygenated blood and left side carried oxygenated blood
- deoxygenated blood goes to the lungs and oxygenated blood goes to the body
Arteries carry __________ blood ____ from the heart (except the _________ artery). Arteries have ____ blood pressure which gets higher during ________. Blood travels at a ____ speed and has _____ ________ walls. Arteries have a _____ diameter _____. There are ___________ muscles in the walls and they have no ______.
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary artery). Arteries have high blood pressure which gets higher during exercise. Blood travels at a high speed and has thick muscular walls. Arteries have a small diameter lumen. There are involuntary muscles in the walls and have no valves.
Veins carry ____________ blood __ ___ heart (except the _________ vein). Veins have ___ blood pressure and the blood travels at a ___ speed. They have ____ walls and a _____ diameter _____. There are __ muscles in the walls and they have ______ which will prevent ________ of blood.
Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart (except the pulmonary vein). Veins have low blood pressure and the blood travels at a low speed. They have thin walls and a large diameter lumen . There are no muscles in the walls and they have valves which will prevent back flow of blood.
Capillaries carry __________ blood and ____________ blood to __________ cells. Capillaries have a ___ blood pressure and the blood travels at a ___ speed. They have ____ walls ( _ cell thick) and the walls allow ______ to _______ through them. Capillaries have a _____ diameter lumen and have __ muscles in walls and __ valves.
Capillaries carry oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood to individual cells. Capillaries have a low blood pressure and the blood travels at a low speed. They have thin walls ( 1 cell thick) and the walls allow oxygen to diffuse through them. Capillaries have a small diameter lumen and have no muscles in walls and no valves.
point to different parts on structure of heart
see book
what are the atria?
the atria are the two upper chambers of the heart where blood enters.
what are the ventricles?
the ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart from where blood exists.
what is the tricuspid valve?
a one-way gate that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
what is the bicuspid valve?
a one-way gate that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
what is the semi-lunar valves?
one-way gates at the entrance to the aorta and pulmonary artery, which prevent the backflow of the blood into the heart.
what is the aorta?
the artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body
what is the vena cava?
the large vein entering the right atrium of the heart that caries deoxygenated blood back from the body to the heart. there is an inferior vena cava and a superior vena cava
what is the pulmonary artery?
the artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
what is the pulmonary vein?
the vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
what is the function and importance of red blood cells in physical activity?
Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen. These are partially important in team and endurance sports.
what is the function and importance of white blood cells in physical activity?
White blood cells help fight infections and diseases. These are very important in all sports to allow the athlete to perform at their optimum level.
what is the function and importance of platelets in physical activity?
Platelets clot the the blood at the site of a wound. These are especially important for contact sports as they get cuts and injuries more frequently.
what is the function and importance of plasma in physical activity?
Plasma is the liquid element of blood that allows it to flow. All sports need this as without it, blood wouldn’t be able to flow to the working muscles.
what is the composition of the different components in inhaled air?
nitrogen - 78%
oxygen - 21%
carbon dioxide - 0.03%
other gases - 0.97%
what is the composition of the different components in exhaled air?
nitrogen - 78%
oxygen - 16%
carbon dioxide - 4%
other gases - 2%
why is there a difference between the amount of oxygen breathed in/out?
The oxygen gets used up in the body when going to working muscles.
why is the amount of nitrogen breathed in/out the same?
Nitrogen levels stay the same because the body does not use or produce nitrogen.
list the components of the respiratory system
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm, alveoli, intercostal muscles, ribs
during inspiration what happens to the muscles?
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
during expiration what happens to the muscles?
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
during inspiration what happens to movement?
- diaphragm flattens and pulls the lungs down
- inter costal muscle pulls the ribs and lungs outwards (contract)
during expiration what happens to movement?
- the diaphragm moves back up into a dome shape
- intercostal muscles relax
during inspiration what happens to the volume?
the volume increases
during expiration what happens to the volume?
the volume decreases
during inspiration what happens to the pressure?
the pressure decreases
during expiration what happens to the pressure?
the pressure increases
define the term diffusion
the term used to describe how molecules move from an area higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in an attempt to reach a balance.
define the term gaseous exchange
Oxygen moves from the air in the alveoli into the blood in the capillaries, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveoli.
why are the capillaries and alveoli closely wrapped together?
so that the gases only have to diffuse across a short distance
why does the blood supply to the alveoli need to be substantial?
So that lots of gas can be carried away quickly
what is the benefit to having around 400 million alveoli in your lungs?
it provides a large surface area for diffusion to take place
why does gaseous exchange take place?
gaseous exchange happens to increase levels of oxygen to working muscles and remove increased waste products such as carbon dioxide.
what are the two types of methods that muscles can use to produce energy?
-aerobically, using oxygen
-anaerobically, without oxygen
what determines wether an exercise is aerobic or anaerobic?
-the intensity of the exercise; how powerful it is
- the duration of activity; how long the activity lasts
define aerobic work
working at a moderate intensity so that the body has time to use oxygen for energy production and can work for a continuous period of time
define anaerobic work
working at high intensity without oxygen for energy production. the work period will be short in duration, because the energy is limited
define carbohydrate
fuel for aerobic and anaerobic activity. Carbohydrate sources include rice, pasta, and bread.
define glucose
carbohydrates are connected into glucose, which is used as a fuel in energy production
define fat
fuel for aerobic activity. sources of fat include butter and oil
define fatty acids
fats are converted into fatty acids, which are used to fuel in energy production
define intensity
how relatively powerful something is
define duration
how long something is
define energy
the capacity to do work
define lactic acid
a by-product of energy production, which is formed when the body is exercising anaerobically at high intensity. A build up of lactic acid results in muscle fatigue.
what are the two aerobic energy production equations?
carbs –>glucose+o2=energy+co2+h20
fat –>fatty acids+o2=energy+co2+h20
give an example of aerobic activity
marathon, endurance cycling or long distance open-water swimming
what are the by products of aerobic energy production?
carbon dioxide, water
what is the anaerobic energy production equation?
carbs–>glucose=energy+lactic acid
give an example of anaerobic activity
100m or 200m sprint, or short sharp activities which happen to quickly for oxygen to be used.
define cardiac output (Q)
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute, measured in litres per minute (1/min)
define stroke volume (sv)
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat. The average resting stoke volume is around 70 mil per heart beat (ml/beat)
what is the cardiac equation?
sv x hr = Q
define tidal volume (Tv)
the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath, measured in millilitres (m) It is also referred to as your ‘depth of breathing’.
define frequency (f)
the number of breathes taken per minute, measured in breaths. It is also refer to as your ‘rate of breathing’.
what is the respiratory equation?
Tv x F = VE
define minute ventilation
the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per minute measured in litres.
define vital capacity
the maximum amount of air exhaled following a maximum inhalation
during exercise what happens to heart rate and why?
heart rate increases to pump more blood to working muscles which are in need of more oxygen and remove Co2 faster
during exercise what happens to stroke volume and why?
stroke volume increases so that more blood (carrying oxygen) can go to working blood vessels more efficiently
during exercise what happens to vasodilation (blood shunting)?
The lumen widens to increase blood flow to active muscles and to prevent over heating
during exercise what happens to vasoconstriction (blood shunting)?
The lumen narrows to decrease blood flow to inactive areas such as the digestive system
during exercise why do you start sweating?
A by product of respiration to get rid of water and to cool us down
during exercise what happens to blood pressure and why?
blood pressure increases to get more blood quicker to active areas
what does a spirometer test for?
vital capacity, tidal volume, frequency
what is the importance of spirometers in sport?
spirometers help measure the performance of your lungs and so in sport trials they might be used to determine who would be in best condition for the team/squad
at rest what is the frequency of breaths like?
at rest, frequency is relatively low at around 12-15 breaths per minute
at rest what is tidal volume like?
at rest, tidal volume is relatively low at around 500ml
during exercise what is the frequency of breaths like?
during exercise, the frequency of breathing increases as the is air inhaled and exhaled more frequently
during exercise what is the tidal volume like?
during exercise, the tidal volume increases to bring more air into the lungs per breath
define muscle fatigue
a reduction in a muscles’ ability to produce force
define lactic accumulation
the name given to the process of lactic acid accumulating within the blood and muscles due to increased work intensity
