C1 NEW VERSION DECEMBER 28 Flashcards
Moving or doing something quickly, often due to time constraints or urgency.
Rushing
She was rushing to catch the bus.”
Happening again, but not necessarily at regular intervals
Reoccurring
She kept having a reoccurring dream about missing her flight.”
Hurrying or speeding up the process of something, often due to urgency or pressure.
Hastening
He was hastening to finish his work before the deadline.”
The feeling of being rushed or having limited time to complete something.
Pressure for Time:
She felt pressure for time as the meeting was about to start.”
A question that is direct, forceful, and may be difficult to answer because it challenges someone or addresses a sensitive topic.
Hard-Hitting Question
The journalist asked a hard-hitting question about the company’s financial practices.”
Not clear, precise, or definite; lacking in detail or clarity.
Vague
His explanation was too vague to understand the main idea.”
The ability to adapt or be flexible in different situations.
Versatility
Her versatility in both cooking and teaching impressed everyone.”
Happening often or at regular intervals.
Frequently
He frequently visits the gym to stay in shape.”
A loan specifically used to buy property, which is repaid over time, often with interest.
Mortgage
They took out a mortgage to buy their new house.”
To be certain or very likely to do or experience something.
Be Bound To
“If you keep practicing, you’re bound to improve.”
To be sure or have no doubt about something.
To Be Certain
I am certain that I left my keys on the table.”
Relating to the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular
Regular exercise improves cardiovascular health.”
СУДИНИ
VESSELS
The ability to sustain prolonged physical effort.
Endurance
Running builds stamina and endurance over time.”
A female domestic worker who performs household tasks such as cleaning and cooking.
Maid
he maid tidied up the house while the family was away.”
A male servant in charge of managing household staff and overseeing domestic operations, especially in a large or formal household.
Butler
The butler greeted the guests and showed them to the dining room.”
Constantly changing or evolving; not staying the same over time.
Ever-Changing
Technology is an ever-changing field that requires continuous learning.”
Handwritten or typed documents, often historical or original works.
Manuscripts
The library holds rare manuscripts from the 14th century.”
Colored glass used to create decorative designs, often in windows.
Stained Glass
“The church has beautiful stained glass windows depicting biblical scenes.”
A remarkable or observable event, fact, or situation.
Phenomenon
The Northern Lights are a natural phenomenon admired by many.
Loyal and dedicated to someone or something.
Devoted
“She is devoted to her family and spends every weekend with them.”
Most important or prominent.
Foremost
He is one of the foremost experts in artificial intelligence.”
A messy or disorganized collection of things.
Clutter
The desk was covered in clutter, making it hard to work.”
Confusing or difficult to understand.
Bewildering
The sheer number of options was bewildering.”
Forming an idea, plan, or concept in the mind.
Conceiving
She had trouble conceiving a solution to the problem.”
To relate to or affect something; to worry or involve someone.
To Concern
This issue concerns everyone in the community.”
To set up or create something, such as a system, institution, or idea.
Establish
The company was established in 1990.”
Relating to or connected with a specific topic or subject.
Pertaining to Something
“He read several articles pertaining to climate change.”
To assert the opposite of a statement or idea.
Contradict
His actions contradict his earlier promises.”
An event or something that happens.
Occurrence
The occurrence of earthquakes in the region is rare.”
Different sides or aspects of something.
Facets
The problem has many facets that need to be considered.”
Areas or domains, especially of knowledge, activity, or interest.
Realms
She is well-versed in the realms of art and literature.
Confused or disorganized.
Muddled
His explanation was so muddled that nobody understood it.”
Careful to avoid risks or mistakes; showing thoughtfulness before acting.
Cautious
He was cautious when crossing the busy street.”
To face a difficult or unpleasant situation with courage.
Bite the bullet
“I didn’t want to go to the dentist, but I had to bite the bullet and make the appointment.”
To work late into the night, especially on a task or project.
Burn the midnight oil
She burned the midnight oil to finish her essay on time.”
To describe something accurately or do something precisely.
Hit the nail on the head
You hit the nail on the head when you said she’s overworked.”
Completely unexpected.
Out of the blue
“He called me out of the blue after two years of no contact.”
Something that seems bad or unlucky at first but results in something good.
A blessing in disguise
Losing that job was a blessing in disguise; it led me to a better opportunity.”
To watch or look after something or someone carefully.
Keep an eye on (something/someone)
Can you keep an eye on the soup while I answer the door?”
To reveal a secret or surprise unintentionally.
Let the cat out of the bag
He let the cat out of the bag about the surprise party.”
Feeling unwell or sick.
Under the weather
“I didn’t go to work today because I was feeling under the weather.”
To give up or stop trying.
Throw in the towel
After several failed attempts, she decided to throw in the towel and try something else.”
Having a lot of knowledge or skill in a particular area.
Well-Versed
She is well-versed in multiple languages, including Spanish and French
Beginning a journey, project, or venture.
Embarking
She is embarking on a new career as a teacher.”
Can be used in place of each other without a big difference.
Interchangeable
In this recipe, honey and sugar are interchangeable.”
To make the best use of something.
Squeeze the most benefit out
She tries to squeeze the most benefit out of every study session.”
To figure out or understand something.
Glean the meaning
“You can glean the meaning of the word from the context.”
To remember something. ЗГАДАТИ
Recall the information
“It’s hard to recall the information I studied last week.”
To get used to something new.
Adjust to
He found it hard to adjust to the cold weather.”
Trusted or respected.
Reputable
They hired a reputable lawyer to handle the case.”
Happening or found over a large area.
Widespread
The internet has become widespread in rural areas.”
A major advantage or benefit.
Big perk
Working from home is a big perk of my job.”
Unable to move or progress.
To be stuck
I’m stuck in traffic and will be late for the meeting.”
The first understanding of something.
Initial grasp
I got an initial grasp of the topic after reading the introduction.”
An action or event that helps you move toward a goal.
Stepping stone
This internship is a stepping stone to my dream job.”
Completely and with great attention to detail.
Thoroughly
She thoroughly cleaned the house before the guests arrived.”
To gradually become comfortable with something.
Build familiarity
“Practice helps to build familiarity with the new software.”
The most frequent or usual.
The commonest
Water is one of the commonest substances on Earth.”
To depend on or trust someone/something.
Rely upon
You can rely upon him to complete the task on time.”
A guaranteed method to achieve something.
Sure-fire way
Studying every day is a sure-fire way to improve your grades.”
To introduce something new or different.
Inject
The teacher tried to inject fun into the lesson.”
To grab something quickly, often in a forceful way.
Snatch
The thief tried to snatch her bag and run away.”
To make something more energetic, exciting, or lively.
Liven up
The decorations helped to liven up the party.”
Clearly and directly, leaving no room for confusion.
Explicitly
“The teacher explicitly stated the rules for the exam.”
A soft, crackling sound caused by movement, often of leaves or paper.
Rustle
She heard the rustle of leaves as the wind blew through the trees.”
To continue for too long, becoming boring or annoying.
Drag on
The meeting seemed to drag on forever.”
Including everything or covering a wide range.
All-encompassing
The report provided an all-encompassing overview of the project.”
Decided in advance.
Predetermined
The seating arrangement was predetermined before the event.”
To come before something in time or order.
Precede
The introduction should precede the main text of the essay.”
To figure out or interpret something difficult to understand.
Decipher
“It took me a while to decipher his messy handwriting.”
Able to work well together or exist without conflict.
Compatible
These headphones are compatible with most smartphones.”
Lacking excitement, brightness, or sharpness.
Dull
The movie was so dull that I almost fell asleep.”
Having a lot of knowledge or skill in a particular area.
Well-Versed
She is well-versed in multiple languages, including Spanish and French
In a strange and unsettling way.
Eerily
The house was eerily quiet after everyone left.”
Displayed or presented in an attractive or effective way.
Showcased
The artist showcased her latest work at the gallery.”
Wearing very little clothing.
Scantily Clad
The characters in the movie were often scantily clad, sparking controversy.”
Holding and using a tool or weapon.
Wielding
He was wielding a hammer as he fixed the fence.”
Insects often associated with dirt or unclean environments.
Cockroaches
She screamed when she saw cockroaches in the kitchen.”
махати
to swing
to swing the sword
Clothing, especially formal or specific for an occasion.
Attire
The invitation specified formal attire for the event.”
A hairstyle where hair is divided into two buns on either side of the head.
Space Buns
“She styled her hair in space buns for the concert.”
The core nature or most important quality of something.
Essence
The essence of the story is about friendship and loyalty.”
Conducting a surprise attack or search, often to take something.
Raiding
The police were raiding the building for evidence.”
The quality of being logical, consistent, and easy to understand.
Coherence
Her essay lacks coherence, making it hard to follow the main argument.”
The use of unnecessary words or ideas that add no value, or the state of being no longer needed.
Redundancy
“The report was full of redundancy, making it much longer than necessary.”
To improve the quality, value, or extent of something.
Enhance
The new software will enhance the performance of the system.”
Not able to be solved or settled.
Unresolvable
The argument seemed unresolvable because neither side would compromise.”
A mother who stays at home to take care of her children rather than working outside.
Stay-at-Home Mum
“She decided to be a stay-at-home mum until her children started school.”
A period of time during which someone can think over a decision or agreement before finalizing it.
Cooling-Off Period
“There is a 14-day cooling-off period after signing the contract.”
To step in to stop or change a situation, especially to prevent harm.
Intervene
The teacher had to intervene to stop the fight.”
Always or without exception.
Invariably
She invariably arrives 10 minutes early for meetings.”
refers to strong desires, ambitions, or goals that a person aims to achieve
aspirations
Her aspirations to become a doctor kept her focused on her studies.
Their aspirations for a better life led them to move abroad.
Irritable or bad-tempered, often in a mild way.
Grouchy
He was grouchy because he hadn’t eaten all day.
The process of learning and remembering information by heart.
Memorisation
Memorisation of historical dates can be challenging for students.
A three-wheeled vehicle, often used by young children.
Tricycle
The child rode her tricycle around the garden.
Starting from a specific moment in time and continuing afterward.
From that point onward
From that point onward, he decided to live a healthier life.
A general principle or guideline based on experience rather than strict rules.
Rule of thumb
A good rule of thumb is to drink eight glasses of water a day.
Controls, directs, or strongly influences.
Govern
A clear set of policies governs the company’s operations.
Saying something aloud from memory, often formally or repeatedly.
Reciting
The actor was reciting lines from a famous play.
Indicates possibility or uncertainty; maybe.
Perhaps
Perhaps we can try a different approach next time.
to lose all money and become unable to pay debts.
Go bankrupt
The business went bankrupt due to poor financial decisions.
Money earned through effort, hard work, or labor.
Hard-earned money
He spent his hard-earned money wisely on necessities.
Twisted or changed in a way that makes something appear incorrect or unnatural.
Distorted
The mirror gave a distorted reflection of his face.
Extremely important or necessary; something that must be done.
Imperative
It’s imperative to wear a helmet while cycling for safety.
to plan or aim to do something.
Intend
She intends to start her own business next year.
To collect and arrange information or data in an organized way.
Collate
The teacher asked students to collate their research findings into a report.
To make a dream or desire come true.
Fulfill a wish
She fulfilled her wish to visit Paris last summer.
In specific situations or cases like the one mentioned.
In such instances
In such instances, it’s better to consult an expert.
Efforts or attempts to achieve something, often requiring hard work.
Endeavors
Her endeavors to start her own business finally paid off.
To earn more money than is spent or invested.
Make a profit
The company managed to make a profit within its first year.
To type a personal identification number (PIN) into a keypad or device
Key in a PIN
You need to key in your PIN to complete the transaction.
To successfully secure a business agreement or opportunity.
Land a deal
They worked hard and finally landed a deal with a major client.
In advance; earlier than a particular event or time.
Beforehand
We prepared the presentation slides beforehand to avoid last-minute stress.
Thoroughly and with a lot of detail.
In-depth way
The scientist explained the process in an in-depth way.
To change or modify something.
Alter
She decided to alter her plans after hearing the weather forecast.
Something that provides a basis or starting point for further development.
Springboard
The internship served as a springboard for her career in marketing.
Originating from a source; obtained or taken from something else.
Derived
This word is derived from Latin.
Relating to the present time or contemporary era.
Modern-day
Modern-day technology has made communication faster.
Important and useful understanding or knowledge.
Valuable insight
The research provided valuable insight into customer behavior.
Drawing a conclusion based on evidence and reasoning.
Inferring
By inferring from the data, we can predict future trends.
Extremely helpful or advantageous.
Incredibly beneficial
Learning a second language is incredibly beneficial for your career.
To assemble or understand something by combining different pieces of information.
To piece together
The detective tried to piece together the events of that night.
To choose or follow a particular course of action or direction in life.
To go down the path of
She decided to go down the path of becoming an artist.
A process that happens slowly over time in small steps.
Gradual process
Learning a new language is a gradual process that requires patience.
Conditions or facts surrounding a situation or event.
Circumstances
Due to unforeseen circumstances, the meeting was postponed.
To examine or analyze something in great detail.
Dissect
The professor dissected the poem to uncover its deeper meaning.
Having unlimited power; all-powerful.
Omnipotent
In many religions, God is considered omnipotent.
Performing or succeeding better than expected.
Surprisingly well
Despite his lack of experience, he did surprisingly well in the competition.
Refers back to something mentioned earlier, meaning “in this way” or “therefore.”
As such
The rules were vague, and as such, they were often misinterpreted.
To have various strategies or methods prepared for use.
Have a range of approaches up your sleeve
The teacher had a range of approaches up her sleeve to handle disruptions.
Practical advice or key points to remember.
Takeaway tips
The workshop ended with some helpful takeaway tips for time management.
Easily annoyed or angered; quick to become upset.
Irritable
She felt irritable after a long day at work with no rest.
Not anticipated or expected; something that happens unexpectedly.
Unforeseen
Due to unforeseen circumstances, the event was canceled at the last minute.
Ordinary or routine events that occur in daily life.
Everyday Happenings
The book focuses on everyday happenings in a small town.”
Not satisfied or achieved; lacking realization of potential.
Unfulfilled
He felt unfulfilled in his current job and decided to change careers.”
In an opposite or contrasting way.
Conversely
He loves spicy food; conversely, his wife prefers mild flavors.”
Completely filled or packed tightly.
Crammed
The train was crammed with passengers during rush hour.”
Sharp, intense, or severe; also used to describe keen awareness.
Acute
She felt acute pain in her ankle after the fall.”
The quality of being just, impartial, or free from bias.
Fairness
Fairness in the workplace is essential for a positive environment.”
Removes or diminishes a quality, energy, or enthusiasm from someone.
Knocks Out of Us
The constant stress of work sometimes knocks the creativity out of us.
A possible disadvantage or negative aspect of something.
Potential Downside
“The potential downside of this plan is the high cost involved.”
To nullify, invalidate, or make ineffective.
Negate
The benefits of exercise can be negated by an unhealthy diet.”
The possible effects or results of an action or decision.
Implications
The new law has significant implications for small businesses
The process of interpreting or analyzing deeper meanings in a text or situation.
‘Reading-In’
Reading-in’ too much can lead to overcomplicating a simple message.”
A clear and organized way of contrasting or comparing two things.
Neat Comparison
The article made a neat comparison between modern and traditional teaching methods.”
Complete and thorough, covering all aspects.
Comprehensive
She wrote a comprehensive guide to understanding English grammar.”
To assume something is true without proof.
Presume
I presume you’ve finished your homework since you’re watching TV.”
Measurements or aspects of something.
Dimensions
The dimensions of the room are 5 meters by 4 meters.”
Highly distinguished, renowned, or famous.
Illustrious
She had an illustrious career in medicine.”
A frame covered with gold or a gold-like substance.
Gilt-Framed
The portrait was displayed in a gilt-framed enclosure.”
Gentle, kind, or harmless.
Benign
The tumor was thankfully benign and not life-threatening.”
imagine something вважати
to fancy
He fancied himself as a great chef, though he rarely cooked
Completely or without reservation.
Outright
She rejected the offer outright, saying it wasn’t good enough
Serious, strict, or unyielding.
Stern
The teacher gave a stern warning to the noisy students
Likely or probably true based on available evidence.
Presumably
She’s not here yet, so presumably she’s running late
Gradually gathered or built up over time.
Accumulated
He accumulated a small fortune through smart investments
Without a doubt; definitely.
Decidedly
his plan is decidedly better than the last one.”
Polite, refined, or elegant.
Genteel
She spoke in a genteel manner that impressed everyone.”
The exchange of goods over the sea.
Maritime Trade
Maritime trade was essential to the city’s economy.”
Free from worries or responsibilities.
Carefree
They spent a carefree day at the beach.”
Overflowing enthusiasm or excitement.
Exuberance
The crowd’s exuberance was contagious during the concert.”
Anxiety that is hidden or controlled.
Suppressed Anxiety
She smiled to hide her suppressed anxiety about the exam.”
Only just; almost not.
Barely
He could barely hear her over the loud music.”
Shine brightly, often with a reflected light.
Gleam
The car gleamed after being polished.”
Extremely painful or intense.
Excruciating
The wait for the results was excruciating.
Places or events where people go to relax, reflect, or escape from everyday stress.
Retreats
She attends wellness retreats every summer to recharge her energy.
The ability to depend on oneself and manage one’s own affairs without external help.
Self-Reliance
Moving to a new country taught her the value of self-reliance.
Without any doubt; certainly.
Undoubtedly
She is undoubtedly the best candidate for the job.”
Not severe, strong, or extreme.
Mild
“The climate in this region is mild year-round.”
“He gave her a mild warning about being late.”
An abnormal growth of tissue in the body, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Tumor
The doctor recommended further tests to determine if the tumor was malignant.”
Not giving way under pressure; firm or resolute. непохитний
Unyielding
Her unyielding determination helped her achieve her goals.”
“The unyielding rock face made climbing difficult.”
Able to be spread from one person or organism to another, typically through direct contact.
Referring to emotions or behaviors that can spread from one person to another.
Contagious
“The flu is highly contagious, especially during the winter months.”
“Her laughter was so contagious that everyone in the room started laughing.”
Used to introduce a fact or opinion that opposes a commonly held idea.
Contrary to popular belief
Contrary to popular belief, not all sharks are dangerous.
To treat someone as though they are not human, often leading to cruelty or violence.
Dehumanize
Propaganda can dehumanize entire populations, making it easier to justify violence.
A flawed way of thinking that leads to inaccurate conclusions or judgments.
Cognitive mistake
Assuming that all cats are mean based on one bad experience is a cognitive mistake.
The tendency to categorize things or people in order to simplify complex information, often leading to oversimplified judgments.
Conservation error
The conservation error happens when you judge all dogs as dangerous after one bad experience.
Holding a whole group responsible for the actions of one individual or a few individuals.
Collective liability
Collective liability is seen in conflicts where an entire nation is blamed for the actions of a few.
To form an incorrect opinion or conclusion about someone or something.
Misjudge
Don’t misjudge someone based on their appearance—get to know them first.
Focused only on surface-level qualities or appearances, without deeper consideration.
Shallow and superficial
Judging a person based only on their clothes is shallow and superficial.
To seek revenge for a wrong or injury.
Avenge
The warriors sought to avenge the attack on their village.
An intense desire for material wealth or possessions, often at the expense of others.
Greed
His greed led him to cheat people for his own gain.
An overwhelming desire, especially for sexual pleasure, that can lead to immoral actions.
Lust
Her lust for power caused her to manipulate others.
Over-indulgence, particularly in food or drink, to the point of excess.
Gluttony
His gluttony at the buffet left him feeling sick.
Laziness or the avoidance of work and effort.
Sloth
Her sloth was evident when she refused to help with the chores.
Intense anger, often leading to violence or harm to others.
Wrath
His wrath was uncontrollable when he discovered the betrayal.
A sense of superiority or self-importance, often leading to arrogance.
Pride
His pride made it difficult for him to accept help from others.
A feeling of jealousy or resentment toward others for having something one desires.
Envy
She felt envy when she saw her colleague’s promotion.
Content that becomes widely popular in a short period through sharing on social media.
Viral
The video went viral within hours of being uploaded.
When the distinction between real and imaginary becomes unclear.
“Blurring the lines between fact and fiction”
Reality TV often blurs the lines between fact and fiction.
To diminish people’s confidence in the news.
Erode public trust in journalism
Fake news can erode public trust in journalism.
The specific group a piece of media is designed for.
“Target audience”
The target audience for this film is teenagers.
A specific, targeted group of people with particular interests.
Niche audience
appeal to a niche audience, cater to a niche audience
Independent films often cater to a niche audience.
The record of a person’s online activity.
Digital footprint
leave a digital footprint, monitor your digital footprint
Be careful about your digital footprint when using social media.
Media content that provides insight into societal issues.
Social commentary
The film is a brilliant piece of social commentary on inequality.
A barrier requiring payment to access online content.
Paywall
Collocations: implement a paywall, behind a paywall
Example: Many news websites now place their articles behind a paywall.
The unauthorized use of someone’s intellectual property.
Copyright infringement
Streaming pirated content is a form of copyright infringement.
An unresolved conclusion that leaves the audience eager for more.
Cliffhanger ending
The series finale had a cliffhanger ending, leaving fans in suspense
A strong and reliable base, often for knowledge or a structure.
Sound foundation
Building a sound foundation in grammar is essential for mastering a language.
A negative or unintended result of an action or decision.
Unfortunate side effect
An unfortunate side effect of working too hard is burnout.
Learning through repetition without understanding the meaning.
Rote memorization
Rote memorization can help with vocabulary but doesn’t develop deep comprehension.
A specific order in which events, actions, or things occur.
Sequence
Understanding the sequence of events is crucial for solving the mystery.
To pronounce words slowly and carefully to understand them or make them clear.
To sound out
Children learn to read by sounding out letters and words.
Clearly different or unique from others.
Distinct
The twins have distinct personalities, despite looking alike.
To increase in size, amount, or scope, often in business or production.
Scale up
The company plans to scale up its operations next year.
To burn the surface of something, often lightly.
Char
The fire charred the edges of the paper.
Something that makes progress or movement difficult; an obstacle.
Hindrance
Lack of resources is a hindrance to completing the project.
To walk awkwardly due to injury or difficulty, or to impede progress.
Hobble
The injury hobbled his performance in the race.
The long, stiff hairs growing near the mouth of animals like cats or dogs.
Whiskers
The cat’s whiskers twitched as it watched the mouse.
To strengthen or support an idea, structure, or behavior.
Reinforce
The teacher used examples to reinforce the lesson.
To imitate or recreate specific conditions or scenarios.
Emulate situations
The training program emulates real-life situations to prepare students.
To make something stronger, louder, or more intense.
Amplify
The microphone amplified his voice so the entire audience could hear.
To position things in a straight line or bring them into agreement.
Align
The team aligned their goals to work more efficiently.
Intimidating or overwhelming, often due to complexity or difficulty.
Daunting
Learning a new language can seem daunting at first.
Covering a large area or having a wide range.
Extensive
She conducted extensive research for her thesis.
In a different situation or if something didn’t happen.
Otherwise
Study hard; otherwise, you might fail the exam.
A disadvantage or negative aspect of something.
Drawback
The main drawback of online learning is the lack of face-to-face interaction.
To become uninterested or tired of something.
Grow bored
She grew bored with the repetitive tasks at her job.
A system of government or management in which decisions are made by state officials rather than elected representatives.
Bureaucracy
The bureaucracy slowed down the approval process for the new policy.”
A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through elected representatives.
Democracy
Democracy ensures that all citizens have the right to vote and express their opinions.”
The process of making or enacting laws.
Legislation
New legislation has been introduced to combat climate change.”
Government programs that provide financial aid or services to people in need.
Social Welfare
Many citizens rely on social welfare programs to help them through difficult times.
The ability to maintain or support a process over the long term, especially without harming the environment.
Sustainability
Sustainability is a key issue for politicians when discussing climate change.”
The infringement of individuals’ basic rights, such as freedom of speech, equality, and protection from abuse.
Human Rights Violations
The international community condemned the human rights violations occurring in the country.”
