C.1 Individual differences Flashcards
Define personality
somewhat stable characteristics that makes a person unique and distinguish them from other people
Trait-based approaches to personality
Focuses on thoughts, feelings and behaviours that are stable over time
Big five: Openness
A person with a high level of openness likes to try new things and doesn’t like to do the same things over and over again
Big fine: Conscientiousness
High levels of conscientiousness are very organised
Big five: Extraversion
Outgoing and social person that loves to be with others and feels energised in a group
Big five: Neuroticism
How someone handles their emotions, a person with a high level of neuroticism worries a lot
Adaptive perfectionism
Someone who don’t mind making mistakes or about others think of them
Mal-adaptive perfectionism
Someone who cares about what others think and have high standards
B= f(P,E)
Behaviour is a function of the person and their environment
Mental toughness
a part of personality that helps people manage
challenging and pressurized situations
Key to have good mental toughness
- self-belief
- determination
- resilience
- focused
Perceived control
A sense of control over yourself over your emotions which helps make better choices
Commitment
Less likely to give up despite problems and obstacles
challenge
A person who sees challenges as opportunities have a good metal toughness
Confidence
confidence is from a good mentally tough mindset which helps performers cope with stress
Resilience
Keep going even when it gets hard
Mindfulness
It has helped control emotions and increase confidence
Self compassion
Been used to help performers to manage stress and increase focus
Social learning theory
- individuals get new skills, behaviours and attitudes by observing and imitating others
- we have a capacity to learn with the absence of rewards
Measuring mental toughness
- questionnaires
- however it’s hard to get the right questions
- Due to an inconsistent definition, it is difficult to measure
Limitations of self-report assessment for mental toughness
- biased
- a person might want to give a good impression
A self-fulfilling prophecy
- is that beliefs and feelings can influence an outcome
Self confidence
- high leads to actions and a higher likelihood of success
- low self-confidence leads to low likelihood of success
Learned helplessness
- A developed condition where it is thought that actions have no effect on outcomes. Nothing can be done to change an outcome.
- mistakes or losses causes a feeling of no control
- Can be overcome through setting task goals and feedback
