C.1

Question 1

General considerations of antimicrobial therapy. Disinfectants and antiseptics

Answer 1

Ethanol,
Isopropylalcohol,
Chlorhexidine,
Povidone iodine,
Octenidin,
H2O2,
Invert soaps

Question 2

classification of the disinfectants

Answer 2

Alcohols,
Aldehydes,
Phenols and their derivatives,
Acids,
Halogens and halogen-containing chemicals,
Oxidizing agents,
Surface-active surfactants,
Metals,
other chemicals,
combined active substance disinfectants

Question 3

Bacteriostatic

Answer 3

a substance that stops bacteria from reproducing, but does not kill the bacteria

Question 4

Bactericidal

Answer 4

a substance that kills bacteria,
may be concentration dependent (in lower concentrations may be only bacteriostatic)

Question 5

Sporicidal

Answer 5

Effectively kills bacterial spores

Question 6

Virucid, fungicidal, paraziticid

Answer 6

used for killing viruses, fungi, parasites

Question 7

Disinfectant can be

Answer 7

bacteriostatic;
Bactericidal;
Sporicidal;
Virucid,
funcgicidal,
paraziticid

Question 8

Disinfectants

Answer 8

agents that kill microorganisms in a non-living environment

Question 9

antiseptics

Answer 9

agents that inhibit bacterial growth both in vitro and in contact with surfaces of living tissues

Question 10

Ethanol

Answer 10

Dilution: 70%;
MOA: dehydration and denaturation of proteins; Bactericidal, but DOES NOT act on parasites and spores;
Advantage: no material damage effect (no corrosive → metal tools);
Disadvantage: inflammable, explosive, ineffective in low concentrations;
Extra: not used alone, usually used synergistically in combinations

Question 11

Isopropyl-alcohol

Answer 11

Dilution: 70-80%;
MOA: dehydration and denaturation of proteins; Bactericidal, DOES NOT act on parasites and spores; Advantage: no material damage effect (not corrosive → metal tools);
Disadvantage: inflammable, explosive, ineffective in low cc;
Extra: not used alone, usually used in synergy

Question 12

Chlorohexidine

Answer 12

Use: disinfectant for skin, for mucosal inflammation; Extra: biguanide derivative, component of creams and soaps, no tissue irritation;
Advantage: minimal absorption from skin, no hypersensitive anaphylactic reaction in the mouth, wide antifungal and antibacterial spectrum, no resistance;
Disadvantage: long-term usage may alter the mouth flora, it may discolor the teeth and the silicate or composite filling (toothwash is needed before usage

Question 13

Povidone iodine

Answer 13

Use: surgical disinfectant (betadine);
Extra: complex with polyvinylpyrrolidone;
Advantage: monophasic, bactericidal, sporocid, fungicid, virucid;
Disadvantage: cannot be mixed with soap, alkalai solvents, may provoke allergy, irritative for mucosa

Question 14

Octenidine

Answer 14

Spectrum: active against G+ and G- bacteria;
Use: used as antiseptic prior to medical prodecures; SEs: severe ototoxicity

Question 15

Invert soaps

Answer 15

Example: Benzalkonium-chloride;
Effect +Use: have disinfectant effect, used for removal of hydrophobic chemicals;
Extra: they are hydrophilic, frequently used in combined disinfectants; Bacteristatic, Bactericidal; Antagonism: Anion active surfactant can antagonize the effect, may form a film on the skin

Question 16

H2O2

Answer 16

Advantage: wide spectrum, destruct the mortified tissues;
Disadvantage: organic material (blood, pus) attenuates the effect, material destructive, quick disintegration; bacteristatic;
concentration: 0.3-3%;
Use: wound wash, disinfection of mucosa, disinfection of contact lens

Question 17

Why 70% alcohol

Answer 17

70% alcohol cc is actually better for disinfection. It has more water, which helps it to dissolve more slowly, penetrate cells, and kill bacteria. The disinfection power of rubbing alcohol drops at cc higher than 80-85%

Question 18

Phenol coefficient

Answer 18

to rate the disinfectant effect of novel chemicals compared to that of phenol
the number indicating the effectiveness of a disinfectant as a germicide relative to phenol, which is arbitrarily assigned the number 1: based on the time required to kill a given quantity of a specific type of bacteria

Question 19

Types of disinfectants

Answer 19

Disinfectants, Antiseptics