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Lt Test > C0llapse of a Burning Building > Flashcards

C0llapse of a Burning Building Flashcards

1
Q

Collapse zones have increased to…

A

1.5-2 times height of a wall.

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2
Q

Who determines collapse zones?

A

officer in command

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3
Q

The largest number of FF’s killed in single building collapse was…

A

Chicago, IL / 21 FFs died in collapse of stockyard building

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4
Q

What are the four factors that will increase burning building collapse?

A

age
abandonment
lightweight materials
faulty renovations

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5
Q

What cracks masonry walls of abandoned buildings?

A

freeze thaw cycle

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6
Q

NFPA says that unprotected lightweight steel bar joists will fail after how many minutes of fire exposure?

A

5-10

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7
Q

Fire resistance and collapse resistance are directly related to what?

A

mass of a building

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8
Q

Why is there a lack of research into why burning buildings collapse?

A

offers small benefit to anyone other than FFs

hard to analyze objectively

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9
Q

The term structural collapse is defined in this book as…

A

any portion of the STRUCTURE that fails as a result of fire

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10
Q

The definition of a falling object is…

A

any object OTHER than the structure that falls, is thrown, or knocked from the building (there are more injuries by these than by structural collapse)

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11
Q

What is the most common falling object at a structure fire?

A

broken glass from vented windows

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12
Q

How thick is glass from a residential building?

A

1/16-1/8 inch

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13
Q

How thick is glass from commercial building?

A

1/4-1/2 inch and weighs 2.5-5 lbs/sqft

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14
Q

Who is responsible for falling glass and when?

A

during firefighting-FF outside

during overhaul-FF inside

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15
Q

When anything must be thrown from a window, permission from who is required?

A

officer in command

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16
Q

The final and most important reason for the absence of collapse information is what?

A

lack of FD documentation and records of collapse

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17
Q

Which collapse kills the most FFs?

A

floor

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18
Q

What is the second most dangerous collapse?

A

roof

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19
Q

What is the third most dangerous collapse?

A

wall

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20
Q

What is the fourth and final dangerous collapse?

A

ceiling

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21
Q

Fuel load consists of what?

A

content + structure

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22
Q

What is active fire protection?

A

automatic sprinklers and hose streams

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23
Q

The removal of any part of an arch will cause what?

A

the entire arch to fail

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24
Q

If a non-bearing wall collapses during a fire, how will it fall?

A

straight out in one piece at a 90 degree angle

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25
Q

If a bearing wall fails, it can cause what?

A

second collapse of the floor it supports

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26
Q

What forces are a beam subject to?

A

compression
tension
shear

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27
Q

How can beams be supported (least to most stable)?

A

cantilever
simple supported
continuous

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28
Q

What is the most dangerous of the three basic methods of construction?

A

braced frame (aka Post & Girt)

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29
Q

Braced-frame construction collapses in what manner?

A

inward-outward

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30
Q

How does an inward-outward collapse work?

A

top=in

bottom=out

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31
Q

What is a perpendicular truss used in steel bar truss floor systems to provide lateral stability?

A

bridge truss (aka purlin)

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32
Q

What is a wall reinforcement built on the outside of a structure that is sometimes called a wall column?

A

buttress

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33
Q

What is a buttress constructed on the inside of a wall called?

A

pilaster

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34
Q

What can cause a curtain wall collapse of a veneer wall?

A

impact of aerial master stream

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35
Q

What type of wood frame building collapse is indicated by the structure slowly starting to lean over?

A

lean over collapse

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36
Q

A lean to floor collapse can be classified in what two ways?

A

supported or unsupported

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37
Q

In a 90 degree wall collapse, the top of the failing wall will strike the ground where?

A

at a distance equal to the height of the failing section

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38
Q

What type of collapse happens when floor beams pull loose or collapse at both ends?

A

pancake collapse

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39
Q

A column is a vertical structure subject to what type of force?

A

compressive

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40
Q

Columns and bearing walls make up what kind of framework?

A

vertical framework

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41
Q

Girders and beams make up what kind of framework?

A

horizontal framework

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42
Q

Bearing walls, columns, and girders can be classified as what type of structural members?

A

primary

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43
Q

Ridgepoles, hip rafters, headers, and trimmer floor beams can be classified as what type of structural members?

A

primary

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44
Q

Which type of collapse is more destructive…column or beam?

A

column

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45
Q

What type of stair is an opening in a floor slab for between floors (sometimes called access stair)?

A

convenience stair

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46
Q

What is the top masonry tile or stone in a parapet wall that is designed to carry off rain water (sometimes called capstone)?

A

coping stone (can weigh 5-50 lbs)

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47
Q

What is a bracket or extension of masonry that projects from a masonry wall?

A

corbel

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48
Q

What are the four flanking zones called around a burning building?

A

corner safe areas

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49
Q

What is a bend, twist, or curve of a structural element under a load called?

A

deflection

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50
Q

Deflections should be reported to who?

A

officer in command

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51
Q

What is the front or face of a building called?

A

facade

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52
Q

What are the four collapse dangers of a facade?

A

marquee
cornice
canopy
parapet wall

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53
Q

What is a gravity support beam end that is designed to release itself during a fire?

A

fire cut beam

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54
Q

How is the fire cut beam good and bad?

A

advantage for those operating outside

disadvantage for those operating inside

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55
Q

What is the measure of max heat release when all combustible material in a given fire area is burned?

A

fire load

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56
Q

Structural collapse during a fire is directly proportional to what?

A

fire load

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57
Q

What is a RELATIVE fire rating in hours that indicates performance during a fire?

A

fire resistance rating

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58
Q

What type of construction was the World Trade Center?

A

frame tube (4” thick near bottom and 1/4” thick at top)

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59
Q

What is a structural element that supports a floor or roof beam?

A

girder

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60
Q

What is a total collapse called?

A

global collapse

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61
Q

What two loads make up the gravity load?

A

dead load

live load

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62
Q

What type of support is used to reinforce an opening in the floor?

A

header beam

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63
Q

What is the hierarchy of building elements from least to most serious?

A 
deck
beam
floor
roof
girder
column
bearing wall
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64
Q

Header and trimmer beams are what type of supports?

A

primary structural supports

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65
Q

What is the center section of an I-beam called?

A

web section

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66
Q

Wood i-beams have top and bottom sections that are what size?

A

2x2

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67
Q

The terms joist, beam, and rafter are used how?

A

interchangeably

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68
Q

What do you called the concealed space in between floors and is used to contain mechanical or electrical equipment?

A

interstitial space (aka plenum space)

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69
Q

One kip equals how many pounds?

A

1000 lbs

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70
Q

What is a horizontal piece of timber, stone, or steel placed over the opening in a wall?

A

lintel

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71
Q

An axial load passes through what point of a structure?

A

center

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72
Q

What is the most efficient manner that a load can be transmitted?

A

axial

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73
Q

Due to heat, axial loads can become what?

A

eccentric or torsional

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74
Q

What is a load applied at one point?

A

concentrated load

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75
Q

What type of load remains constant or is applied slowly?

A

static load

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76
Q

A FF who slowly and softly applies his weight is demonstrating the principle of?

A

static loading

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77
Q

Most structural elements are designed with a safety factor of what?

A

2 or more

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78
Q

What makes something a timber?

A

wood larger that 2x4

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79
Q

What do you call a partition wall that extends from floor slab to floor slab above?

A

demising wall

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80
Q

What type of wall is the most unstable and likely to collapse during a fire?

A

freestanding wall

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81
Q

What is a bearing wall that supports floors and roofs of two buildings?

A

party wall

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82
Q

What is the difference between the vertical collapse zone and the FD collapse zone?

A

vertical collapse = height of wall

FD collapse zone = 1.5-2x height of wall

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83
Q

What is the major fire problem in a fire-resistive building?

A

central AC system

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84
Q

How many fire deaths in the US are caused by smoke, not fire?

A

3/4

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85
Q

How do you fully protect a fire-resistive high rise?

A

automatic sprinklers
fire walls
fire partitions

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86
Q

FF hoselines cannot extinguish fires in floor areas over what sqft?

A

5000 sqft

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87
Q

What is the fire problem associated with noncombustible/limited combustible building?

A

flat, combustible roof deck

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88
Q

What is the major fire problem in ordinary constructed building?

A

fire & smoke spread in concealed spaces

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89
Q

A wooden column in Heavy Timber construction must be what size?

A

not less than 8”

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90
Q

A wooden girder in Heavy Timber construction must be what size?

A

not less than 6”

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91
Q

What is the only type of construction that has combustible exterior walls?

A

wood-frame

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92
Q

The officer must consider the possibility of extension on how many sides of fire area?

A

six

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93
Q

What is the “seventh side” of wood frame buildings that has to be considered?

A

combustible exterior walls

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94
Q

After newly recruited FFs learn about the dangers of fire, the next most important subject is what?

A

building construction

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95
Q

Wood buildings often experience which two collapses simultaneously?

A

wall and floor

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96
Q

In ordinary construction, what collapse first…floor or walls?

A

floors and wall will collapse sometime later

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97
Q

What is the collapse danger in fire-resistive buildings?

A

concrete

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98
Q

What is becoming the most widely used construction type?

A

noncombustible/limited combustible

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99
Q

What is the collapse danger to a FF in a noncombustible/limited combustible building?

A

roof cave in

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100
Q

What is the main advantage of lightweight steel roof support?

A

non combustibility (doesn’t add fuel to fire)…but will fail after only 5-10 minutes of heat

101
Q

What is the structural hazard of an ordinary constructed building?

A

parapet wall

102
Q

What are the structural hazards of heavy timber buildings?

A

falling masonry walls that crash to the ground (doesn’t collapse during early stages of fire)

103
Q

What are the structural hazards of a wood-frame building?

A

combustible bearing wall

104
Q

What are the three ways that a masonry wall will collapse?

A

90 degree
curtain fall
inward-outward

105
Q

What is the most COMMON type of masonry wall failure?

A

90 degree

106
Q

Is a canopy more or less dangerous than a marquee?

A

more, because of lightweight construction

107
Q

What is the main difference between a cornice and parapet, marquee, and canopy?

A

cornice will burn and spread fire

108
Q

The area beneath a marquee, canopy, or cornice is considered to be what?

A

inside the building

109
Q

Parapet walls often collapse during what stage of a fire?

A

overhaul

110
Q

Who is responsible for reporting signs of structural failure?

A

all FFs

111
Q

Failure of what is the leading cause of FF death by collapse?

A

floor

112
Q

Fire resistance of a floor is directly related to its what?

A

mass

113
Q

What are the three ways all floors fail?

A

floor deck
floor beam
multilevel floor (most dangerous)

114
Q

A building with frontage greater than what will normally have columns and girders rather than just two bearing walls?

A

> 25’

115
Q

What is the tactic to protect FFs from floor deck collapse?

A

sound the floor

keep one leg outstretched to reduce weight

116
Q

What is the tactic to protect FFs from floor beam collapse?

A

use the reach of hose streams

117
Q

What is the tactic to protect FFs from multilevel floor collapse?

A

withdraw

118
Q

Floors may have fire resistance ratings of 1,2,3, or 4 hours. However FFs must realize what?

A

fire resistance rating has NOTHING to do with collapse (there is no test for collapse resistance)

119
Q

What are three other reasons to ignore fire resistance rating?

A

large sections act different than small test sections
installation requirements are not always followed
real fire may be hotter than test fire

120
Q

After a fire rages for hours, who should be called?

A

structural engineers

121
Q

If FFs are withdrawn from high rise, you should continue to what?

A

supply sprinklers

use master streams

122
Q

What are the three reoccurring factors that contribute to floor collapse?

A

vacant buildings
renovated buildings
overloaded buildings

123
Q

The most dangerous time for floor collapse is when?

A

decay stage (end of the fire)

124
Q

The history of multilevel floor collapse says the risk is highest when doing what?

A

salvage/overhaul

125
Q

What is the alternative to interior salvage/overhaul?

A

hydraulic or defensive overhauling

126
Q

What are the three most common type of sloped roofs?

A

gable
hip
gambrel

127
Q

How many primary members with a flat roof?

A

2 (bearing walls)

128
Q

How many primary members with gable roof?

A

3 (2 bearing walls and 1 ridge rafter)

129
Q

How many primary members with hip roof?

A

9 (4 bearing walls, one ridge rafter, and 4 hip rafters)

130
Q

The stability of a roof deck depends on what two things?

A

number of purlins running perpendicular

spacing of trusses

131
Q

Which roof has largest area of unsupported decking?

A

truss roof

132
Q

What is the safest roof to walk on?

A

rafters (closest together)

133
Q

Roof rotting is often found where?

A

at roof edges

134
Q

Roof coverings can be divided into what two categories?

A 
built up (ex. tar/gravel)
prepared (slate, tile, asphalt, etc.)
135
Q

Can a high-pitched roof, like and A-frame or English Tudor be worked on safely even with a roof ladder?

A

NO

136
Q

A roof ladder cannot protect a FF from what type of collapse?

A

roof rafter collapse (only working from aerial protects FF)

137
Q

What is the most common connector for timber trusses?

A

split ring (purpose to relieve shear force on bolt)

138
Q

What is the most common shape of timber truss?

A

bowstring

139
Q

The strength and stability of a truss depends on what?

A

smallest web member

140
Q

What is the most dangerous roof system a FF will encounter?

A

truss construction (known to collapse in early stages of fire)

141
Q

How many bearing walls does a bowstring truss roof have?

A

4

142
Q

During a fire, what is key to safe operation with timber truss roofs?

A

early identification (can lead to defensive strategy)

143
Q

Bowstring truss roof fires should tell chiefs to listen to reports from who?

A

those above fire…NOT below

144
Q

In a timber truss roof, the main fire will be where?

A

roof structure…NOT contents

145
Q

The fire strategy of the first arriving engine at a timber truss roof should be to what?

A

attack fire directly with LDH that can reach 50’ (if it doesn’t work in first few seconds, FFs should be withdrawn)

146
Q

The only truss identification that can be made by shape is which?

A

bowstring

147
Q

How do you quickly determine if fire has spread to bowstring truss?

A

triangular cut in front or rear slope from aerial

148
Q

What is the key to operating at a fire in a truss constructed building?

A

communication

149
Q

The large open space required in a place of worship usually means what type of roof?

A

timber truss

150
Q

What is the most unstable part of places of worship?

A

tower and steeple

151
Q

How many chances do you get to extinguish church fire?

A

one

152
Q

At a church fire, what should the second LDH do?

A

immediately back up first line

153
Q

As soon as flames in a church are knocked down, what should be checked?

A

walls and attic

154
Q

Where should the first aerial ladder be positioned at a place of worship?

A

rose window

155
Q

What are the most dangerous sides to a burning place of worship?

A

A,B,D

156
Q

Where is primary venting done at a place of worship?

A

rose window

157
Q

What is a semi-circle or U shaped wall?

A

apse

158
Q

What is masonry built against a wall for added support?

A

buttress

159
Q

What is a space reserved for clergy?

A

chancel

160
Q

What is the main seating area

A

nave

161
Q

What is the space at the right angle to the nave and chancel?

A

TRANSEPT (125)

162
Q

When a fire building has a steel bar joist roof system, what type of ventilation is preferred?

A

horizontal ventilation ahead of hoselines

163
Q

A FF who becomes disoriented by smoke while on a roof should do what?

A

get on hands and knees and crawl

164
Q

Steel starts to distort at what temperature?

A

1000-1100 degrees

165
Q

What temperature is required to melt steel?

A

2400 degrees

166
Q

Fire is a typical structure can reach what temp?

A

1700 degrees

167
Q

What are the three ways to protect steel?

A

encase in concrete
membrane ceiling
SFRM

168
Q

From a FFs point of view, what is the best method for protecting steel?

A

concrete encasement

169
Q

What is the least effective way of protecting steel?

A

SFRM

170
Q

Open web steel bar joists can be spaced how far?

A

up to 8’ (wide spacing allows FFs to fall through vent holes)

171
Q

What is the principle danger to a FF in a noncombustible/limited combustible structure?

A

potential for early collapse

172
Q

At 1100 degrees, steel loses how much of its load carrying capacity?

A

40%

173
Q

A roof designed only to support a snow load may have a load capacity of what?

A

20 lbs/sqft

174
Q

Type 2 buildings are designed for what type of occupancies?

A

low hazard (low fire load) ie. schools, offices, retail shops

175
Q

In order to make steel fire resistive, you must what?

A

protect it

176
Q

What is the strategy for firefighting in a lightweight wood truss roof building where there is content involvement OR structure involvement?

A

contents - stretch interior hoseline and extinguish fire

structure - withdraw and use exterior attack

177
Q

Does a directly affixed ceiling collapse in small pieces or large chunks?

A

small pieces…usually caused by water absorption

178
Q

What is the most dangerous type of ceiling?

A

suspended

179
Q

What three occupancies are most likely to have suspended ceilings?

A

stores
top floor of multiple dwelling
renovated buildings

180
Q

What part of a suspended ceiling traps or pins FFs in a burning building?

A

grid system

181
Q

How do you reduce the danger of suspended ceiling collapse?

A

prevent extension into concealed space above it

182
Q

What is the most important first step for the rescue of a FF trapped beneath a suspended ceiling that has collapsed?

A

sweep the area with a hoseline

183
Q

What is the safest area in a wooden interior of a building?

A

stairway (also best avenue for initial attack)

184
Q

What is a straight run stair most often constructed of?

A

wood or concrete

185
Q

What is an L shaped stair constructed of and where is it most often found?

A

wood / private homes

186
Q

What type of stair is preferred in modern building construction?

A

U return stair

187
Q

What is the safest type of fire escape?

A

exterior screened stairway

188
Q

How wide is the exterior screened stairway?

A

wide enough for 2 people to descend side by side

189
Q

If a FF sees a young child or elderly person standing on a fire escape, they should consider it what?

A

life hazard (bring them through window under fire and taken down interior stairway)

190
Q

What is the most frequent cause of injury to FFs on standard fire escapes?

A

falls and step collapse

191
Q

Does the inward/outward collapse give any warning signs?

A

generally no…sometimes the only clue is a fire burning for a long time on the lower floor

192
Q

Which type of collapse is most dangerous?

A

inward/outward because it happens suddenly

193
Q

Of the three major types of construction in the US, which present the greatest firefighting danger?

A

braced frame wood buildings

194
Q

The first large wood frame buildings on the east coast were what type of constructions?

A

braced frame (aka post-and-girt)

195
Q

What is the danger in lightweight wood truss constructions?

A

early floor and roof collapse

196
Q

Where does a braced frame constructed building fail?

A

mortise & tenon connection (weakest point)

197
Q

Older buildings are renovated under what type of building codes?

A

“performance” codes NOT spec codes

198
Q

How does NFPA classify buildings under construction?

A

“special occupancy structures”

199
Q

If a fire is threatening a crane, how large should the collapse zone be?

A

height of crane

200
Q

How far must worker “shanties” be from a building under construction?

A

30 feet (should be considered a target hazard)

201
Q

What is the recommended strategy for fires in formwork that supports floors?

A

outside aerial master streams

202
Q

In most states, laws require a vertical standpipe be installed in any building under construction that rises above how many feet or floors?

A

75 feet or seventh floor

203
Q

If the fire companies report all control valves in a standpipe are closed and there is still no water, what should be checked?

A

cellar outlet valve

204
Q

The successful firefighting operation in a building under construction depends greatly upon what?

A

pre-plan inspection

205
Q

When is the best time to do a pre-plan inspection of a building under construction?

A

weekend

206
Q

A FD large caliber master stream is one that can deliver how much water?

A

> 300gpm

207
Q

The average master stream delivers 500gpm which weighs how much?

A

4000 lbs/minute

208
Q

What sound does a master stream make on a brick wall?

A

splattering

209
Q

What sounds does a master stream make on a wood building?

A

drumming

210
Q

What does the sound of a distant rumble mean while operating a master stream?

A

stream is going through a window

211
Q

Where should a master stream be placed for a quick knockdown?

A

close to the window (allows for greater reach and side to side movement)

212
Q

What are the first two priorities to consider when positioning apparatus?

A

1st - life safety

2nd - fire containment

213
Q

Where can FFs be during a temporary knockdown strategy with a master stream?

A

leave structure

go to floor below fire floor

214
Q

One of the first actions an IC must take at a collapse site is what?

A

restrict access (secure the scene)

215
Q

After surface victims have been removed from a collapse, what percentage of survivors have been found?

A

75%

216
Q

When a collapse occurs during a fire, what is the first duty of the officer in command?

A

determine who is trapped or missing

217
Q

What is the difference between tunneling and trenching?

A

trenching is slower, but safer (therefore carried out most often)

218
Q

Who is in charge of the scene during the last step of the collapse plan called general debris removal?

A

fire service

219
Q

What is more effective at monitoring a structure where a secondary collapse is possible, transit or FF?

A

transit

220
Q

What is the most dangerous type of parapet wall?

A

ornamental cast stone wall

221
Q

Attached two family houses that share a fire wall must be considered how many structures?

A

1

222
Q

What is the most frequent last warning sign that causes the IC to withdraw FFs from a building?

A

large body of fire on several floors in an old building

223
Q

When an evacuation signal is given what should a FF do?

A

leave all tools that would slow you down INCLUDING SCBA if there is a smoke free path to exit

224
Q

Where should the evacuation assembly point not be located?

A

front of building or ICP

225
Q

What is a Phase 3 elevator?

A

protects from toxic fumes, smoke, fire, and water

226
Q

Building 7 collapse solely from what?

A 
fire destruction (10 floors of fire burning 7 hours)
collapsed in 13 seconds
227
Q

What is noteworthy about Building 7 and the structural hierarchy of collapse?

A

it was backward…went from beam to girder, to column

228
Q

One expert at NIST states that it takes how much burn time per floor?

A

1.5 hours

229
Q

There are many benefits in conducting a post fire analysis. Who is the greatest benefit to?

A

IC or chief doing the analysis

230
Q

After any major fire or ordinary fire with a significant event, when should the post fire analysis begin?

A

immediately after extinguishment

231
Q

What are the three parts to a post fire analysis?

A

fact sheet
diagram
photo documentation

232
Q

What are two important facts of the fire analysis fact sheet?

A

point of origin

cause of fire

233
Q

When recording a burning building collapse, the FD investigator should state what?

A

first structure to fail

234
Q

In addition to determining the first structure to fail, the investigator should also determine the cause of failure. If the evidence was destroyed by fire, what should the investigator state?

A

his subjective opinion…DON”T put unknown

235
Q

At what stages of the fire, do MOST buildings collapse?

A

stage 2 - fully developed

stage 3 - decay

236
Q

What came first, strategies or tactics?

A

STRATEGIES (312-313)

237
Q

When diagramming, the area of fire origin is pinpointed by a what?

A

greek cross

238
Q

When diagramming, the area of fire damage is marked by what?

A

diagonal lines

239
Q

When diagramming, the exact location of a fatality is indicated by a what?

A

cross
“s” is placed for supine
“p” is placed for prone

240
Q

When diagramming, hose steams are shown as what?

A

line with an arrow for the nozzle

241
Q

When diagramming, how are pumpers indicated?

A

rectangle (inside rectangle is company number and sequence of when placed in service at fire)

242
Q

What is the most important part of a post fire analysis?

A

photographic documentation

243
Q

What is the purpose of part 3 (photographs) of a post fire analysis?

A

prepare a training session

244
Q

How many photos should be included in the slide show?

A

25 (one will be of the diagram from step 2)

245
Q

How many views of each picture should be included?

A

2, one up close and one at a distance

246
Q

The most important strategy and tactical consideration at a fire is what?

A

water supply (pressure and amount should appear on the fact sheet)

247
Q

What is the problem with reporting of cellar fires?

A

often delayed alarms

248
Q

What is a middle story of a church (side balconies)?

A

TRIFORIUM (125)

Lt Test (5 decks)

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