1ncident Safety 0fficer Flashcards
1
Q
The ISO can classify environmental integrity in what four ways and how do they affect risk?
A
stable and not likely to change (subtracts from risk)
stable but changing slowly (may or may not add risk)
unstable changing slowly (adds to risk)
unstable and changing quickly (exponentially adds risk)
2
Q
What do you call the series of conditions and events that lead to an unsafe situation that result in injury and/or property damage?
A
accident chain
3
Q
Establishing the required levels of PPE for SUPPORT personnel at a tech rescue incident falls to who?
A
ISO (with info from ASO-RT)
4
Q
After you are assigned the ISO function at an incident, the FIRST order of business is to do what?
A
confirm the IAP with IC
5
Q
As a rule, ISOs should have face to face communication with the IC how often?
A
15 minutes at routine incidents
more often if conditions change
6
Q
Most hazards associated with building electrical components can be eliminated by what?
A
shutting off the power at the main (ineffective if buildings have UPSs)
7
Q
The roots of risk management and dedicated safety officer lie in the development of what NFPA standard?
A
1500
8
Q
What is a complete work designed to be adopted as law by an AHJ?
A
codes (NFPA’s Life Safety Code is the best known)
9
Q
Who should evaluate the LZ prior to helicopter arrival?
A
ISO or ASO
10
Q
The HAZRIT often stages where?
A
escape area
11
Q
Statistics show that the majority of deaths and injuries on the fire ground occur at what type of fires?
A
residential structure fires
12
Q
What is the best pace for hazmat incidents?
A
slow, methodical, and intellectual
13
Q
Extruded steel used for beams and columns loses how much strength at 1100 degrees F?
A
50%
14
Q
What zone contains RIC?
A
warm
15
Q
Under “Other Hazards”, the ISO must assess the possible impact of any ____________ or ___________ hazards on FFs.
A
physical or atmospheric
16
Q
Using the RIC officer as the ISO is what?
A
NOT recommended
17
Q
NFPA 1710 summarizes that ______ persons are needed for a simple, low hazard single family dwelling fire?
A
14
18
Q
Using a traffic barrier without traffic calming strategies is ___________.
A
not advised
19
Q
Cold drawn steel loses how much strength at 800 degrees F?
A
55%
20
Q
When fighting fires near down power lines, what type of nozzle shouldn’t be used?
A
solid stream
21
Q
What are the characteristics of ordinary Type 3 construction?
A
non combustible bearing walls (masonry)
combustible roof and floor (wood)
22
Q
What is a hostile fire event that occurs when a spark or flame is introduced into a pocket of smoke that is below ignition temp but above aggregate flash point?
A
smoke explosion
23
Q
How many people in a water shuttle operation on a wildland fire?
A
5 plus driver/operators
24
Q
After RIC engagement, who does the RIC officer report to?
A
operational function (IC, operations, group/division)
25
In the 5 step process to predict collapse, which steps make up the identify, analyze, and decide method?
Steps 1 & 2 - identify
Steps 3 & 4 - analyze
Steps 5 - decide
26
One's mental state can be improved through __________.
```
physical fitness
adequate sleep
nutrition
stress reduction
stay calm attitude
```
27
What do you call fire phenomena that can suddenly harm FFs?
hostile fire event
28
What do you call the presence of electrical current?
energized
29
Bright blue cables on a car can indicate what?
medium voltage
30
What is defined as an individual's gradual process of becoming accustomed to an environment?
acclimation **(most difficult to implement)**
31
What is the ISO's role in "rehab"?
making sure IC established it and then evaluate effectiveness
32
What do you call an arched roof that uses a weave of octagon, triangle, or diamond pattered roof beams?
lamella
33
What are the minimum distances for apparatus placement around exposed electrical conductors?
( starts at 0-50,000 and ends at 750,000-1,000,000)
```
0-50,000 - 10 feet
50,000-200,000 - 15 feet
200,000-500,000 - 20 feet
500,000-750,000 - 35 feet
750,000-1,000,000 - 45 feet
```
34
The NTSB and DOD will ask that aircraft crash sites be treated as what?
crime scene
35
The ISO's role with regard to RIC is threefold:
1. evaluate incident conditions to determine need for RIC standby
2. ensure adequate resourcing of RIC
3. communicate info to RIC officer
36
When the smoke appears uniform (same color and velocity from multiple openings) you should begin to think what?
fire is in a concealed space (deep seated)
37
Smoke produced by natural or unfinished products changes to what color before turning black?
tan or brown
38
Construction that uses solid wood or steel beams is referred to as what?
conventional construction (opposite of truss construction)
39
What is the difference between direct cause and root cause?
direct cause -- immediate event that caused accident
| root cause -- factors that if corrected would prevent reoccurrence
40
What are the four types of control zones based on severity?
```
no entry zone
hot zone
warm zone (decon & ric standby)
cold zone (command post & staging)
```
41
What are the two main strategic approaches to an incident?
```
offensive
defensive
(not same as risk...offensive can have low risk at times and defensive can have high risk at times)
```
42
Who is the safety officer for a training activity?
IIC unless delegated
43
The strategic goals of the ISO and ASO at WMD events should be:
gather recon and threat info
analyze options
develop safety action plan
44
As a basic rule when should "self-rehab" take place?
after each bottle
45
What is a scheduled event and is characterized by a more formal agenda designed to promote healing and closure?
debriefing
46
Black fire is a sure sign of what?
impending flashover
47
What do you call a beam that spans an opening in a masonry wall?
lintel
48
Humidity is also important in what other way?
how it affects FFs
49
The ISO's role for a simple IAP is what?
review it, make suggestions, then sign off on it
| more complex incidents will require specific forms be filled out
50
What color is barrier tape for hot zone?
red
51
What are some other characteristics of Founders' era buildings?
minimal fire stopping
minimal code requirements
aging issues
most floor to wall connections are gravity
major fires will present threat of wall collapse
52
What are some of the more important elements of NFPA 1561 that pertain to ISOs?
```
automatic response
appoint ASOs when necessary
member of command staff
authority to stop or alter activities
ensure REHAB area is established
```
53
What is the process of minimizing the chance, degree, or probability of damage, injury, or loss?q
risk management
54
Often, the connection is the ________ in structural failure during fires?
weak link
55
What are some characteristics of legacy buildings?
```
better code requirements
durable strength
improved detection and suppression systems
more reliable utilities
PREDICTABLE FIRE SPREAD
```
56
What makes a well written SOP?
if FFs follow it
57
Which of the IMTs have designated personnel who are trained and on call for safety officer positions?
Type 1, 2, & 3 IMTS
| **(they use SOF instead of ISO)**
58
What are the pre-established guidelines for "no notice" drills?
- must have been previously practiced
- don't wait for info "half-life" (do it soon after practicing)
- have a safety plan (state "this is a drill")
- pre-notify key personnel
- use an SO
- if the drill involves fire, scrap the "no notice"
- be practical
- CONGRATULATE before you EVALUATE
59
During the Legacy era, balloon framing was all but supplanted by what?
platform framing (also introduced use of drywall)
60
When making inquiries for a PIA, stay away from questions that can be answered how?
yes/no
61
What do you call electrical wire that is dual insulated and multi-wire, with a hot, neutral, and ground all wrapped in a single sheath?
romex
62
Other than unsurvivable, what other spaces can have zero rescue profile?
those that pose NO threat to occupants (people are simply not in danger)
63
Smoke at a building fire is being developed by what two sources?
incomplete combustion
| pyrolitic decomposition
64
What are the ISO functions?
```
Monitor incidents
Evaluate hazards/risks
Develop preventative measures
Intervene to prevent harm
Communicate safety messages
```
IAP review
65
What type of incidents have become the most regulated of all incidents to which FD respond?
hazmat
66
There is no safe time window for interior operations when a building is what?
under construction or being renovated
| definite NO GO
67
What can be defined as a direct order to immediately stop, alter, suspend, or withdraw personnel, activities, and ops due to an imminent threat?
firm intervention **(should always be relayed to IC)**
68
What type of collapse is where the building can accept the failure of a single component and still retain some strength?
partial collapse
69
When multiple and significant injuries have occurred, the ISO should request help from who for the investigation?
HSO
70
The first step in developing a formal SOP is what?
establish an administrative process to create, edit, alter or delete processes
71
The ISO should contribute in what way to the PIA?
officially
72
What does "thick, black, fast smoke" mean?
close to the seat of the fire; possible ventilation limited
73
What should the diameter of the clear zone needed for landing a helicopter?
100' (nothing over 12" on the ground)
74
What are the five minimum components of rehab (listed in priority order?
```
rest
hydrate
BLS monitoring
energy nutrition
accommodation for weather
```
75
Zoning tape is a protective measure but can also serve as what other piece of the MEDIC Action Model?
Communicate
76
What are some of the historical "weak links" that are listed under Step 3?
connections, overloading, occupancy conversion, trusses, void spaces, stairs, large interior spaces, parapet walls, facades
77
Who's mission is it to promote innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology?
NIST
78
An organization plagued by injuries or suffering from costly accidents usually has a deficiency in what?
training effort
79
What are common symptoms of ASD?
flashbacks, dreams, depression, and worry
80
The ISO's role in procedures is similar to what?
quality control officer
81
A wildland incident is considered contained only when what?
control line surrounds the perimeter
82
Moderate and heavy collapses should trigger the ISO to request ________.
ASO-RT
83
Unfinished wood that is being rapidly heated emits what color of smoke?
brownish (collapse warning sign)
84
What is defined as the unintended, and often sudden, release of stored, residual, or potential energy that will cause harm if contacted?
hazardous energy
85
Once the span of control grows past what, should the IC include an ISO?
3
86
What is the process of developing one's analytical ability using principles, concepts, and values?
education (deals with the why)
87
What are strict directives that must be followed with little no flexibility?
procedures
88
What degree of understanding should a FF have for apparatus driving?
proficient under stress
89
Bright orange cables on a car indicate what?
high-voltage power
90
What does "dirty white smoke with velocity" mean?
heat pushed smoke that has traveled some distance
91
Which part of the MEDIC Action Model is the "input"?
Monitor
92
Cars that run on CNG are required to have stickers in what two places?
right rear of vehicle
| adjacent to fill location
93
While wearing PPE ensembles, FFs can sweat out how much water per hour?
over a quart
94
When an operational mistake is made and an injury occurs, the PIA becomes secondary to what?
accident investigation
95
What is a publication that offers procedures, directions, or standards of care as a REASONABLE means to address a condition or situation?
guide
96
What do you call the exploratory examination of the incident scene conditions and activities?
reconaissance
97
What types of questions should be used in an interview?
ask open ended
avoid leading questions
avoid interrupting
98
While radio communications is essential, what is preferred and most effective?
face to face
99
At what points do internal body temperatures begin to affect physical performance?
>101 degrees F
| <96 degrees F
100
PPV should be stopped if fire is discovered where?
behind FFs
101
What is an early warning sign that the core temperature is elevated?
transient heat fatigue (not a true injury)
102
If rehab is effective at wildland fires, the routine should still be ___________.
energetic
103
What are the three steps to the investigative process?
Information collection
Analysis and Reconstruction
Recommendations
104
In low light conditions, use spotlights to illuminate overhead obstructions that with ______ feet.
300
105
What is the fire control team?
minimum two qualified FFs
one is ignition officer
one is ready observe
(they supervise the setup process)
106
What does the risk taking formula become for hazmat incidents?
```
risk taking =
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES +/-
integrity +/-
other hazards +/-
resource effectiveness
```
107
What is the unit of measure for VOLUME of current flow?
amp
108
Wildland Flame Length Interpretation
< 4' -- direct hand lines
4 to 8' -- flanking attack, indirect fire breaks & wet lines
8 to 11' -- direct attacks are dangerous
>11' -- defensive measures required
109
The liability for injury or loss from a live fire training incident will fall directly on what two people?
IIC and SO
110
What is the all inclusive term for all constructed or natural barriers and treated fire edges used to control a wildland fire?
control line
111
What do you call being keenly dialed into the conditions and activities present at a given incident?
situational awareness
112
What is an activity, condition, or inaction that is judged to have the capability but not immediacy to cause harm and warrants monitoring?
potential threat
113
What are the three strategies to abate or mitigate ergonomic stressors?
awareness **(most used & most simple)**
accommodation
acclimation
114
How many Type 1 and Type 2 IMTS are staged around the US?
Type 1 - 16
| Type 2 - 32
115
What symptoms are more aligned to an ASE as opposed to other causes?
- outward crying
- emotional outbursts of anger and intolerance toward coworkers
- total shutdown of interaction with others
116
What do you call the actual action used for mitigation?
countermeasure
117
When should the ISO recuse themselves from the investigation process?
ISO was one injured
ISO was directly involved in property damage
LODD occurred
multiple, and significant, injuries to FFs occurred
118
Making rehab provisions available for all participants at a training exercise falls to who?
IIC
119
What is defined as the chance of damage, injury, or loss?
risk
120
Environmental integrity considerations at a hazmat include what four things?
weather
infrastructure stability
container condition
hazardous energy
121
When are some times that FORMAL rehab needs to be established?
physical labor > 2 hours
high rise fire not controlled by single company
wildland fires needing more than initial company
specialty team incidents
weather extremes > 1 hour
122
Who is usually responsible for making a judgment regarding control zone sizes/distances?
ISO
123
What places the trainee in the hot seat to perform ISO functions?
coaching
124
How long should the "self-rehab" breaks be?
first one 10 minutes
| all others after this 20 minutes
125
It is well documented that most LODDs are what related?
stress (cardiac)
126
What is "zero time" on the risk taking graphs?
time of arrival
127
What is an organized system in which a working team is replaced with another working team that is already dialed in and ready to replace them?
"on-deck system"
128
What do you call the ignition of smoke?
flame over
129
What refers to a gathering during or immediately after the incident and is characterized by informal peer to peer discussion?
defusing
130
In the decay phase, available fuels become consumed and the fire wanes. This has led to some calling this phase what?
fuel limited phase
131
What is the three step process for reading smoke?
Step 1 - view the smoke VVDC
Step 2 - Analyze contributing factors
Step 3 - Determine rate of change for each attribute
132
If a building is sprinkler protected, the presence of low-lying smoke can indicate what?
fire is not being controlled by sprinklers
133
Established hot zones should include what six things?
```
communicated level of PPE
two it two out
formal accountability system
assignment of RIC
cyclic PARs
marking or flagging with solid red tape
```
134
What ISO trap is evident with the ISO who spends too much time looking for missing, damaged, or inappropriate use of PPE?
bunker cop syndrome
135
Who researches, investigates, and recommends safe procedures, processes, and habits?
NIOSH
136
The ISO should request an ASO at a wildland fire in the following circumstances:
```
widespread area
"plans section" established
fire active > 4 hours
IC has asked ISO to develop safety plan
fire response involves air support
```
137
How is cold zone marked?
green tape with SUPPORT ZONE or STAGING AREA
138
Smoke is the fire talking to you -- its telling you the _________?
future
139
What is the most obvious indicator of unsurvivable space?
fully developed fire (post flashover)
140
What is the hallmark of a good ISO?
ability to continually reassess risk vs benefit
141
When an outside agency takes over an investigation, what does the ISO become?
witness
142
What type of law deals with rules of conduct in civil or criminal matters?
statutory law
143
What is the safety team at live fire training?
```
designated SO
interior standby team
outside building monitor
fuel shutoff officer
ignition officer
```
144
Hot zones are those operational areas that are judged to be ____________?
IDLH
145
What is the legal phrase for the effort to act in a reasonable or prudent way, given the circumstances, with due regards to laws, standards, and accepted conduct?
due diligence
146
What is perhaps the most important decision that the ISO has to make at the incident scene?
determine appropriate level of risk taking
147
Should the ISO be tracked by the accountability system?
YES
148
What color is barrier tape for "no entry" zone?
red/white chevron
149
What degree of understanding should a FF have for fire behavior and incident command systems?
proficient
150
A successful ________ program prevents FFs from experiencing fatigue and mental drain.
rehab
151
When the ISO senses that face to face communication seems off or non existent, attention should be paid to what?
rehab effort
| or other stress related issues
152
Of all the people factors affecting safety, which is the hardest to address?
attitude
153
While velocity can help you understand how hot it is and where it is, density tells you __________.
how bad things are going to be
154
What makes up the Operational Safety Triad?
procedures
equipment
personnel
155
What are the three communication options of an ISO in regards to collapse potential?
emergency evac
precautionary withdrawal
planning awareness (just sharing info with IC)
156
What is the primary mechanism to prevent heat stress?
sweating
157
How does the time window for initial effectiveness at a wildland fire compare to that of a structure fire?
structure fire -- measured in seconds and minutes
| wildland -- minutes and hours
158
What are Dr. Gasaway's three levels of situation awareness?
Capturing clues and cues
comprehending the situation
predicting the future
159
What is the difference in prescriptive vs performance codes?
prescriptive says HOW it will be accomplished
| performance says WHAT it needs to do when done
160
How do you calculate distance between you and lightning?
seconds between lightning and thunder multiplied by 5 is distance in miles
161
What are the four key attributes of smoke?
volume
velocity
density
color
162
What is a good rule of thumb for feeding FFs?
feed now if its been > 2 hours
feed every 2-3 hours during demand
feed more often if its cold
163
Situations that warrant ASO consideration include, but are not limited to:
large buildings with significant fire
situation where a "Plans Section" is established
fires in building with unique or unusual hazards
situations where ISO enters IDLH
mayday declared
164
What are the most common fire ground injuries?
sprains and strains
| followed by thermal burns
165
What is the 5-Step Classic Risk Management model?
IEPCM
```
Identify
Evaluate
Prioritize
Control
Monitor
```
166
What do you call key phrases that signal completion of significant tactical objectives?
benchmarks
167
What is a wildland fire event that is sudden, but short-lived rise in rate of spread or fire intensity that is usually attributed to wind, fuel, or topographical changes?
flare-up
168
What characteristic of smoke by itself tells us very little about the fire?
volume
169
What are adaptable templates that allow flexibility in application?
guidelines
170
Above all, a well applied SOP improves departmental what?
safety
171
The prevention of thermal stress injuries can be accomplished through what three things?
accommodation (remove FF from environment)
rotation
hydration
172
Under NIMS, who is able to deploy NATIONWIDE as a safety officer?
SOF1
173
A collapse zone is a more specific form of a no-entry zone for who?
ANYONE including FFs (this book says 1 1/2 times)
174
What should dictate a mandatory rehab cycle for FFs working at structure fires?
departmental policies
175
Who is responsible for development of national minimum consensus standards, codes, or guides?
NFPA
176
How does NFPA 1500 communicate the "risk taking level"?
low
medium
high
177
What ISO trap best describes ISOs who spend an inordinate amount of time ensuring they are not held personally responsible?
CYA Mode
178
What typically outlines details and procedures that have the force of law issued by a government authority?
regulation
179
Who is ultimately responsible for the safety of all members operating at an incident?
IC (serves as safety officer if no one else is)
180
Breakdown of National Incident Typing Scheme
```
Type 5 (LOCAL) - no general staff, no written IAP
Type 4 (LOCAL) - command and gen staff as needed, no written IAP
Type 3 (REGIONAL) - command and gen staff being used, written IAP is required
Type 2 (MULTI-REGIONAL/STATE) - requires resources from out of the area, most or ALL positions used, Type 2 IMT used, written IAP for each operational period, multiple ops periods
Type 1 (FEDERAL) - Type 1 IMT manages incident
```
181
What is a water or water agent sprayed on the ground as a temporary control line?
wet line
182
Which three parts of REHAB commonly get left off during "self rehab"?
Energy nutrition
Accommodation
BLS monitoring
183
What is the solution-orientation approach and what does it do?
ISO brings problem and possible solution to IC
| this gives IC a head start on problem solving
184
What is a unit of measure for the amount of energy a specific application uses?
watt
185
In 1970, Congress passed the Williams-Steiger Act, which created what?
OSHA
186
What is the portion of an electrical circuit that is at zero potential with respect to the earth?
ground
187
What will cause a fire to moved from ventilation limited phase to the explosive growth phase?
introduction of air
188
The relaxation area of rehab will achieve better results if positioned where?
out of sight of the incident (mental break)
189
What does "thin, black, fast smoke" mean?
flame pushed smoke; fire nearby but well ventilated
190
Who is responsible for assigning additional instructors to ensure the proper instructor to student ratio?
IIC
191
While the general approach of the PIA is to look back, the overriding goal is to what?
look forward to the future
192
What is the ergonomic stress equation?
ergo stress = physical setting + worker relationship to setting + task requirements
193
What ISO trap describes the ISO who pitches in and helps crews with their tasks?
Worker Trap
194
What did the transition from prescriptive codes to performance codes give way to?
lightweight construction
195
To predict collapse, the ISO uses what three part method?
identify
analyze
decide
196
Humid climates will do what to a smoke plume?
keep it tight
197
During standby, who does the RIC officer report to?
ISO
198
What six things need to happen when it becomes apparent that a member or crew is unaccounted for?
1. Verify last known position
2. Declare "emergency traffic"
3. Activate RIC
4. Assign ASO to monitor RIC
5. Use runners to check non IDLH areas
6. Second alarm or mutual aid
199
The National Fire Academy developed courses that split the safety officer into what to titles?
health and safety officer (HSO)
| incident safety officer (ISO)
200
Threatened buildings in the "i zone" are typically classified in what two ways?
defensible
indefensible
**(difference generally being distance of building from burning vegetation)**
201
What degree of understanding should a FF have for PPE, accountability systems, and company formation & team continuity?
mastery
202
Who is responsible for using appropriate PPE, performing directed tasks as trained, and maintaining team disciple?
individual FFs
203
Who is responsible for making sure "rehab" is established?
IC
204
It is best to interview witnesses how?
individually
205
For multiagency drills, who will take the lead in facilitating the pre-drill preparation?
FD emergency manger
206
The escape area is a hazmat zone use for techs who are operating in what zone?
hot zone
207
What is an act or conditional that judged to present a danger to persons or property that is so urgent or severe, that it requires immediate action?
imminent threat
208
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, who stood at the corners of building and watched the walls for signs or bowing or sagging?
"wall watchers"
209
What is the difference in frostnip and frostbite?
frostnip - local injury involving fingers, nose, ears, and toes (most people don't even realize they have this) **warming is all thats needed**
frostbite - actual freezing of skin tissue and gauged by how deep frozen tissue goes **medical attention is needed**
210
_____________ are the reflexive or introspective mental pre-occupations that FFs experience just have incident control.
post-incident thought patterns
211
The assignment of an ISO is MANDATORY for what three rescue environments?
confined space
trench
hazmats
212
What are the HSO functions?
```
OSHA compliance
Safety & health education
Accident prevention program
Facility safety
Infection control
Risk management administration
Data Analysis
```
213
What does heat do to insulated concrete formed (ICF) buildings?
melts the expanded polystyrene (EPS) and concrete will simply crumble and fall
214
If ASD symptoms persist longer than a week or two, it may proceed to what?
PTSD
215
Smoke is ignitable as low as what temp?
450 degrees F
216
What person is in the best position to evaluate issues regarding operational effectiveness at a hazmat?
ASO-HM
217
What is a quick, low cost solution to the trend of LODDs at fires that aren't cardiac related?
trained, persuasive ISO
218
Support personnel who are assisting with decon should a ______________ for their withdrawal if warranted?
contaminated safe refuse area
219
What can be defined as awareness or suggestive communications made to crews or command staff that cause them to modify their observations and activities?
soft intervention **(not to be used with imminent threat)**
220
What is one weakness of the 5-Step Classic Risk Management model?
it doesn't allow for acceptable risk taking
221
Brown or dark smoke coming from lightweight wood products means _________?
time is up
222
What are the three pieces of the USCG SPE Model of reading risk?
Severity (rated 1-5)
Probability (rated 1-5)
Exposure (rated 1-4)
**multiplied together and then value tells you what to do
223
What are the four influences that help to classify buildings?
type
era/time
use
size
224
What do you call the approach or option that an ISO uses to help remind FFs to be situationally aware and to perform in a safe manner?
safety trigger (can be active or passive)
225
What is the issue with the DVISO Action Model?
woefully short and too simplistic for today's incidents
226
Is PPE needed in cold zone?
rarely
227
How many people in a structural protection crew?
four **(one crew can reasonably defend a structure for 20 minutes)**
228
The declaration of a "recovery mode" should be done in what manner?
discreet
229
What would yellowish-gray smoke emitting from cracks and seams be a warning of?
backdraft
230
Since 1977, how many FFs die in the LOD each year?
112
231
Who is responsible for delineation of various zone boundaries at a tech rescue incident?
ASO-RT
232
What are the three focus arenas that are common to ALL types of incidents?
risk taking level
personnel safety systems
control zones
233
SCBA use should be mandatory through __________.
overhaul
234
How should lights be used at rope rescue incident?
lead rescuer with spotlight (it will blind them if shined at them)
glow sticks and soft head lamps are beneficial
235
In the context of a planned training drill, there are no lives to be saved, therefore risk taking should be what?
minimized
236
A ________________ is a zone established for obvious or potentially contaminated victims who are awaiting mass decon efforts and assistance.
contaminated safe refuse area
237
What is the fire service Mitigation Hierarchy of control strategies?
ERATA
```
Eliminate
Reduce
Adapt
Transfer
Avoid
```
238
Under NIMS, who usually qualified at the state or local level as a safety officer?
SOF2
239
While accurate data is spotty, many injuries seem to occur while crews are doing what?
packing up to leave
240
What is the part of the control line that is scraped or dug to minimal soil?
fire line
241
What are the three modes associated with a technical rescue incident?
rescue mode
recovery mode
incident stabilization mode
242
What's a slang term for smoke that is high-volume, turbulent velocity, ultra dense, and deep black?
Black fire (can reach 1000 degrees F)
243
What do you call the hostile event warning sign where small pocket of smoke ignite (usually seen as "fingers of flame")?
ghosting (aka rollover)
244
Each of the formula components can add to risk taking. Which of the two can help minimize it?
environment integrity
| resource effectiveness
245
What are the three well known factors that affect wildland fire spread?
weather
topography
fuels
246
Hazards associated with PV solar systems include what?
added roof dead load (3-5 lbs/sqft)
hot surfaces
constant DC generation
unstable surface
247
Who should take the lead in dictating the level of PPE required for responders working in each zone?
ASO-HM
248
Of all the weather considerations affecting firefighting operations, which is by far the most important?
wind
249
What two triggers may cause accumulated smoke to ignite?
right temp and right mixture
250
After arriving at a hazmat, the ISO will inquire as to what actions are being taken and then what?
evaluate initial control zones & isolation efforts
251
Using the soft intervention of __________ is likely the best method to address traffic around a situation.
awareness
252
At high-angle incidents, the ISO should ascertain whether the rescuers are trained and __________ to engage in the operation.
willing
253
What is a group of publications that NFPA calls Recommended Practices, which are written in a language that offers suggestions and options?
guides
254
Who issues and enforces regulations and provides training for issues regarding hazmat and processes?
EPA
255
What is the primary function of in ISO?
identifying hazards
256
What is smoke's flammable range?
1% - 74%
257
What do you call an unintentional, unsafe occurrence that could have produced an injury, fatality, or property damage; only a fortunate break prevented it?
close call/near miss
258
What is a developed body of work that gives minimum consensus direction for procedures, programs, equipment performance, and professional training and qualifications?
standards (use mandatory language)
259
What color is barrier tape for cold zone?
green
260
When temps are below freezing, what happens to hot, dark smoke?
turn white instantly
261
What is the FORCE that causes the flow of electricity?
voltage/volt
262
Active listening for barriers is one part of radio communications. The second, and perhaps more important portion of radio monitoring is what?
evaluating WHAT is said, HOW its said, and the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, and last what is NOT being said
263
To complete the risk taking equation, the recon effort must evaluate resource effectiveness. Resource effectiveness is tied to what three things?
resource allocation
task application
operational effectiveness of crews
264
The ISO at an MVA should focus more on what than the rescue itself?
surrounding elements (like traffic)
265
What is the most common truss used to form peaked roofs?
triangular truss
266
What type of tape should be used for "no entry" zones?
red and white chevron
267
Electricity is always trying to see the path of __________ to ground.
least resistance
268
Hazards associated with solar thermal systems are what?
added roof dead load (5-8 lbs/sqft)
pressure vessel rupture
hot fluid scalding
development of an inhalation hazard (antifreeze)
269
What color is barrier tape for warm zone?
yellow
270
What do you call the application of water to ceilings and walls in an effort to cool smoke and prevent the explosive growth phase?
protective cooling
271
What are the three steps of the ISO Read-Risk Model?
Step 1 - Collect Information
Step 2 - Analyze
Step 3 - Judge Risk (acceptable or unacceptable)
272
What do you call a building that is a MIX of the different types or doesn't fit on of the five?
hybrid building
273
Who is often the person to begin an accident investigation?
ISO
274
What can be defined as one at which the initial response assignment is 100% committed and more resources are needed?
working incident
275
To be truly effective, a PAR should include radio transmissions that include confirmation of what three things?
assignment
location
number of people in assignment
276
When are hand and face cleaning provisions MANDATORY?
food involved
277
What is the degree that a material holds or impedes the flow of electrical current?
resistance
278
Step 2 of the Classic Risk Management model uses what two values in the evaluation process?
frequency
| severity
279
Who is responsible for giving the ignition officer and IIC a final go/no-go signal?
SO
280
Apparatus response to a drill will be __________.
non emergent
281
How many people in a "boots on the ground" crew at a wildland fire?
no less than 3
282
What is the measurement given to the durability of equipment when exposed to flash fire events?
thermal protective performance (TPP)
283
Should there be a defined level of PPE in warm zone?
YES
284
Each level of situational awareness influenced by what four things?
mental state
training
experience
personal values
285
Some ICs will release the ISO after the "serious stuff" is done. This is _______.
an error
| **(need to evaluate FFs for inattentiveness during cleanup. signs may be faraway stares or robot like actions)**
286
Knob and Tube wiring (has no ground) may still be found in buildings built before when?
1930
287
If the ISO is with command, who should be assigned to work with the operations section?
ASO (they will assume many responsibilities that would generally be done be an ISO)
288
What is a work of law established or adopted by a rule making authority?
code
289
How are the on scene causes of LODDs trending?
up
290
In the case of live fire training, what must be a separate dedicated function?
SO
291
What is perhaps the most common construction type?
Type 5 Wood Frame
292
The book says that instead of being arbitrarily aggressing, we should be ___________ aggressive?
intellectualy
293
Who is responsible to develop and enforce the CFRs?
OSHA
294
Addressing all the ISO functions and balancing reactive and proactive needs can be achieved using what two tools?
checklists
| use of action models
295
Events that require investigation:
```
FF injury
FF LODD
Close call
FD equipment failure
apparatus mishaps and property damage
```
296
The USFA has coined the term "hometown hero" LODDs. What is this?
FFs who have a heart attack within 24 hours of an incident response
297
What are the two most prevalent solids in smoke?
soot and ash
298
What is a wildland fire event that is a violent convection column caused by a large area of intense fire?
fire storm
299
Who will take the lead at events involving WMDs?
FBI
300
What are the four levels of control zones?
No Entry
Hot
Warm
Cold
301
What can be done with apparatus to aid in rapid withdrawal?
back them in
302
What do you call behavioral issues that arise in the days following an ASE?
acute stress disorder (ASD)
303
What is a beam that carries other beams?
girder
304
__________ includes efforts to slow down approaching traffic
traffic calming strategies
305
What is the safety and health research and education arm of the federal government?
NIOSH (no enforcement responsibilities)
306
What is the difference in pinned vs rigid connections?
```
pinned = uses nuts, bolts, screws, etc.
rigid = bonded together (concrete, weld, adhesive, etc.)
```
307
What does the USFA say are criteria for needing more rest following 20 minutes in rehab (pulse rate, body temp, systolic, & diastolic)?
Heart rate > 120
Temp > 100.5
Systolic > 130
Diastolic > 90
308
FFs should attempt to drink how much water an hour?
one quart
| 4-8 ozs every 15-20 minutes
309
What is the unit of measure for resistance of electrical current?
ohm
310
Any FF who is removed from an incident for medical reasons but is not transported to hospital should not be allowed to what?
cannot go home or be alone (needs monitoring)
311
Where should the ISO be during high-rise incidents?
in or at command post
312
What is a device that will break continuity in a circuit?
Ground Fault Indicator
313
The need for __________ is paramount for hazmats that involve mass decon of victims and those that are tech level.
documentation
314
Who is empowered to stop unsafe acts while training?
all participants
315
What do you call the failure to work within the framework of the action plan?
freelancing
316
What is the suggested breakdown of necessary carbs, proteins, and fats?
40% carbs
30% proteins
30% fats
317
What does heat do to SIP buildings?
melts the EPS and leaves large combustible voids
318
The integrity of a gas system relies on what four things?
air tight supply vessel
shutoff valve
pressure regulation device
distribution system
319
What do you call the tingling sensation that FFs might feel in their feet when approaching electrical equipment?
ground gradient
320
Fast moving dirty white smoke indicates what?
smoke has traveled some distance, but a hot fire exists
321
Solar energy is used primarily in what two ways?
electrical generation and thermal heating
322
If only Priority 1 hazards are being addressed, what should be considered?
adding assistant safety officers (ASOs)
323
What is a preliminary control line hastily constructed as an emergency measure?
scratch line
324
What mnemonic is used for ISO tasks?
MEDIC
325
What is the first step in predicting building collapse?
classifying the building
326
Most FFs can equate a sagging roof to _________?
collapse potential
327
What is the number two fear of adults?
fear of falling
328
A four person crew can put "water on the fire" ___ faster than three person crew and ___ faster than two person crew.
6% faster than three
| 16% faster than two
329
What degree of understanding should a FF have for fitness and rehabilitation?
practicioner
330
What are the four principal hazards at a structure fire?
Hostile fire events
building geometry
collapse potential
hazardous energy
331
Laminar smoke doesn't mean safe; it only means what?
the box is still absorbing heat
332
What do you call efforts to improve an individual's strength, flexibility, and aerobics to help prevent overexertion at incidents?
work hardening
333
During which of the 5 Steps for predicting collapse, does the ISO mentally "undress" a building?
Step 3 Visualizing & Tracing Loads (more of art than science)
334
Why is it incorrect to call the explosive growth stage the same as a backdraft event?
- explosive growth stage may be delayed after an opening is made (takes time as the volume inside shifts)
- backdraft is instantaneous
335
FFs engaged in operations wearing full PPE will have elevated core temperatures over 101.5 after how many minutes of activity?
20 minutes (one bottle)
336
Faster smoke is closer to __________.
seat of fire
337
Generally speaking, the faster the smoke moves, the more _______ it has?
heat
338
Under the Classic Risk Management model, how are hazards classified?
Priority 1
Priority 2
Priority 3
339
Founders' era buildings are generally have lots of what?
combustible voids
340
Thick, black smoke in a compartment reduces the chance of what?
life sustainability
341
What is the second priority preventative action when dealing with hazardous energy?
avoidance (zoning)
342
Which part of the MEDIC Action Model is the "analysis"?
Evaluate
343
What are diagonal braces that serve primarily as a column but must absorb some beam forces as well?
raker
344
What can be considered the first action or priority when dealing with hazardous energy?
awareness (communications)
345
What type of collapse is the complete failure of a building to resist gravity?
general collapse
346
What is an enforceable rule of conduct that helps protect a society?
law
347
What do you call the classification given to the probability that a victim will survive a given environment within a given building space or compartment?
rescue profile
| **(generally high, marginal, or zero)**
348
What do you call the factors that collectively increased the likelihood of an accident but individually did not cause the accident?
contributing causes
349
What term can apply to any set of rules, procedures, or professional measurements that are established by an authority?
standard
350
What is the MEDIC Action Model?
```
Monitor
Evaluate
Develop
Intervene
Communicate
```
351
At a minimum, the ISO should document what at all incidents?
quick summary of their actions and hazards addressed
352
What is perhaps the most important step in determining risk profile?
making judgment of what is at risk -- people or property
353
What is the LEAST important facet of the safety triad?
equipment
354
Most often the recommendations from an investigation fall into one of what three categories?
equipment
policy/procedure
personnel
355
When the ISO doesn't have tech level certification, what should happen?
appoint a ASO-HM who does
356
What do you call a process or operation that is part of the department's routine but not written?
informal process
357
Staffing Guidelines for Initial Fire Ground Operations
High Hazard -- 42 (high rise, hospital, etc.)
Medium Hazard -- 30 (apartments, light industrial, etc.)
Low Hazard -- 23 (one-three family dwellings)
358
Modern train locomotives should be treated as what?
large electrical generators
359
Most materials will start off smoking what color?
white (mostly moisture)
| then as heat is applied turns grey then black
360
Why is it more difficult to address the "people" component of the triad?
opinions and emotions
361
When are risks usually greater at an incident?
early (during aggressive efforts to rescue victims or stop fire)
362
What is the process of learning and applying knowledge and skills?
training (deals with the how)
363
What are the four steps to the ISO arrival sequence?
Confirm ISO assignment
Collect information
Confirm communications
Don appropriate PPE/identifiers
364
Burning plastics release hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons give smoke what color?
satin (wet) black color
365
The best hazard mitigation approach for dealing with sanitation issues is what?
separation
366
When dealing with drug labs, other than with fire control and victim treatment, who usually has primary control for investigative purposes?
law enforcement
367
Type 1 safety officer on an IMT is probably what normally?
career fire chief of local department
368
Who shall ENSURE that a rehabilitation area has been established?
ISO
369
If an aircraft refueling or resupply location is established, the ISO or ASO should do what?
perform site safety visit
370
If staffing levels are such that 20 minute breaks are unobtainable, then what should happen?
ISO help IC to revise the IAP
371
The integrity of electrical systems is based on what three things?
properly grounded
insulated
circuit protected
372
Lower humidity does what to fire spread?
increases it
373
What is a wildland fire event that describes the sudden advancement and increase in fire intensity due to wind, pre-warmed fuels, or topographical features such as a narrow canyon or "chimney"?
blowup
374
Cooling and Evac Distances for LPG Tank Fires
Tank Size (gallons) GPM Evac Dist
0-150 50-100 1,000'
150-1,000 100-150 1,500'
1,000-18,000 500-1,000 . 4,000'
>18,000 1,000+ 1 mile
375
What do you call materials that will bend, deflect, or twist?
ductile
376
Who is in the best position to capture and document incident activities for a PIA?
ISO (due to recon responsibility)
377
What is the act or event of creating a point for electrical current to return to zero potential?
grounding
378
What do you call materials that will fracture or fail?
brittle
379
What do you call a force that causes a material to be torn in opposite directions perpendicular or diagonal to the material?
shear
380
The first fire service "safety officers" used what to give orders?
speaking trumpets
381
Turbulent smoke that has filled a compartment is a warning sign of what?
impending flashover
382
Although the wood I-beam is structurally stronger that a comparable joist, what happens when its heated?
fails quickly
383
Standby responders in the LZ must have _________.
Full PPE (plus eye and ear)
384
What is defined as science of adapting work or working conditions to a worker? (Some define it as study of problems associated with people adjusting to the work environment?)
ergonomics
385
What is the "Gorilla at Structure Fires"?
carcinogens
386
Compartmentalized fires can lead to a six-phased growth model. What are the phases?
```
ignition/incipient
initial growth
ventilation limited
explosive growth
fully developed
decay
```
387
What does "turbulent smoke that fills a box" a sign of?
imprending flashover
388
What percentage of length do you add for control zone around stretched cable?
25%
389
____________ recognizes that certain activities require a value judgment among competing goals and priorities.
discretionary function
390
What is the appropriate instructor to student ratio for live fire?
1: 5
1: 3 is better
391
The initial growth phase has also been called what?
fuel controlled (at this point air needed to burn is abundant)
392
Formal PIAs are used for what type of incidents?
significant
393
Black smoke that is high velocity and very thin is what?
flame pushed
394
ISOs should announce the presence of no entry zones how?
using "priority" or "urgent" radio message
395
Who is responsible for establishing and marking control zones?
ISO
396
Most fire schools teach a four phases/stages of fires. This model is for what type of fire?
fuel controlled (has plenty of air)
397
What refers to the precedent established over time through the judicial process?
case law
398
Hazmat Tech crews are required by law to have preplanned what that are specific to a given incident?
rapid withdrawal paths / escape areas
399
At 1100 degrees F, how much will a 100' section of structural steel elongate?
10"
400
What is improved through a career-long commitment to seek out new information and skills?
Training
401
What is physical property whose loss will cause harm to the community?
valued property
402
What are the three stressors that influence overexertion?
environment
human physiology
quality of rehab
403
You cannot allow teams to make rehab decisions based on what?
perceived comfort
404
NIOSH investigations into multi FF fatality incidents fault what?
communication failures
| **(caused by equipment, human factors, or administrative controls like SOPs)**
405
Type 4, Heavy Timber buildings, will have structural elements greater than what size?
> 8"
406
What is the biggest advantage of action models?
they furnish a template in which to process multiple inputs in a logical, cyclic, and meaningful way (action models are more flexible and adaptable than checklist)
407
What are symptoms that are shared by ASEs and overexertion, post-incident thought patters, and chemical imbalance?
far away stares
task forgetfulness
lethargy
reserved verbal responses
408
The CFR emphasizes the need to have what for special operation incidents?
written site safety plan
409
What is a wildland fire event that describes the burning of the foliage of a single tree or small bunch of trees from the bottom up?
torching (sometimes called "candling")
410
What type of cooling uses external methods or devices to bring down temperatures (cold water immersion, cooling vests, wet towels, etc.)?
active cooling (50-60% more effective than passive cooling)
411
What are two additional risks that are in play at hazmats?
liability
| risk communication
412
What type of learning can be defined as the process of observing others to develop knowledge, skill, or experience?
vicarious learning
413
What acronym is used for rapid withdrawal operations at a wildland fire?
```
LCES
lookouts
communication methods
escape routes
safety zones
```
414
What is the ability of a material to pass electrical current?
conductivity
415
Transferring the safety function is much like transferring command. A formal briefing needs to take place...use the MEDIC acronym. What does MEDIC stand for?
```
Monitoring issues
Evaluations
Developed preventative measures
Interventions
Communications
```
416
What is the biggest reason that structure fires are the most risky incident for FFs?
compressed time window that FFs have to make a difference
417
In buildings with central hallways or stairs, what must be the number one tactical priority?
controlling smoke and heat
418
What do you call the overall strategy of hazard control?
mitigation
419
In an arched truss, is the top or bottom chord arched?
top
420
What is the risk taking formula?
```
risk taking =
principal hazards +/-
integrity +/-
other hazards +/-
resource effectiveness
```
421
What are the four "eras" used to classify buildings?
founders - 1700s to WW1
industrial - WW1 to WW2
legacy - WW2 to 1980
lightweight - 1980s to present
422
Building Collapse Classifications
Basic/surface collapse -- victims are ___________
Light collapse -- ________ FD equipment will work
Moderate collapse -- _________ construction (masonry/heavy wood)
Heavy collapse -- ______, _______, and ________ are impeding access
building/surface -- EASILY ACCESSIBLE
light collapse -- COMMON
moderate collapse -- ORDINARY
heavy collapse -- STRESSED CONCRETE, REINFORCED CONCRETE, STEEL GIRDERS
423
Who is the designated risk manager for incident operations?
ISO
424
Semi trucks may have two hazardous energy sources in addition to what common vehicles already have. What are they?
air brake chamber springs
| split rim wheels
425
What do you call efforts to alter or adjust the environment, worker relationship, or task to reduce injury potential?
accommodation **(use of PPE)**
426
What is an object that can absorb the impact of a secondary crash to protect rescuers?
traffic barrier
427
The ISO should wear a highly visible vest that says what?
SAFETY (generally green)
428
Within the MEDIC Action Model, which is perhaps the most important and difficult to execute?
Evaluate **(due to necessity of judgments)**
429
The three part method to predict collapse gives way to what 5 step process?
```
Step 1 - Classify construction
Step 2 - Determine structural involvement (read smoke)
Step 3 - Visualize and trace loads
Step 4 - Evaluate time
Step 5 - Predict and communicate
```
430
What type of cooling uses shade, air movement, and rest to bring down temperatures?
passive cooling
431
For commercial buildings in the Industrial era, the primary threat of a major collapse shifts from walls to what?
roofs
432
What do you call the crumbling and loss of concrete material when exposed to heat?
spalling
433
What are the four principal hazards for wildland fires?
rapid fire spread
physical exertion
traffic issues
hazardous energy
**(each area will require intervention to prevent injury)**
434
NIOSH recommends that FFs operating above or below trusses are evacuated as soon as what is determined?
trusses are being exposed to fire (NO TIME LIMIT)
435
If the ISO witnesses a failure to follow SOPs, when should it be brought up?
PIA or next safety meeting (if failure to follow presents imminent danger, ISO must INTERVENE)
436
What is the leading traffic concern at a wildland incident?
smoke obscuration
437
What is located in cold zone?
command post
rehab
staging
agency interfacing
438
The most important smoke observation is whether its velocity is what or what?
turbulent or laminar
439
Active firefighting operations are typically _________ or become defensive at dark because of unseen hazard?
suspended
440
Control zones at a hazmat will be expanded to include what?
```
escape area for hot zone
contaminated safe refuse area
decon corridor
contamination reduction zone
zone gateways (entry and exit points)
```
441
What are the shared HSO and ISO functions?
Accident investigations
PIA
Safety committee participation
Procedure review
442
Four person crews completed essential fire ground tasks ___ faster than two person crews and ___ faster than three person crews.
30% faster than two
| 25% faster than three
443
Initial zoning determinations are usually made by who?
first responders
| **(then adjusted by ISO)**
444
What the the four categories that an ISO will use when assessing energy?
stable, not likely to change
stable, likely to change
unstable, may require attention
unstable, requires immediate attention
445
Why is open flaming a good thing?
minimizes products of combustion
446
What is defined as completeness of a current circuit?
continuity
447
The assignment of an ISO at a Tech-level incident is ___________.
mandated by law
448
What is the most important vital sign to stabilize?
core temperature
449
Who is generally responsible for researching chemical properties and relaying this information?
TECHREF
450
If the ISO doesn't have the appropriate level of training, what should be assigned?
ASO-RT
451
Historically the fire service has been slow to address what type of health issue?
mental
452
No less than one instructor is in a position to supervise what aspects?
each functional crew
each backup line
outside students
453
What is a mental model that suggests that many quick decisions are made using templates from previous experiences that fit what you are currently witnessing?
recognition primed decision making (RPD)
454
NFPA 1710 standard of 14 FFs for basic residential attack ________ be met with two and three person crews.
CANNOT
455
The top chord of a parallel truss is loaded with what stress?
compression
456
What refers to a person's physiological response to the 24 hours clock?
circadian rhythm
457
What is the release of electrical energy that has accumulated on an insulated body?
static discharge
458
The Dodson/Vavra Action Model calls for the ISO to analyze what four general arenas (Four Rs)?
```
Resources
Recon
Risk
Report
(no starting place or flow)
```
459
Using what type of classifications can help the ISO judge magnitude and hazards associated with aircraft crash?
building collapse classifications
460
Should the ISO manage the accountability system?
NO...then they would just be the accountability manager
461
What type of training structure require much more SO evaluation?
acquired structures
462
What is defined in writing and can take on many forms such as SOPs, SOGs, directives, etc?
formal process
463
What do you call a non-load-bearing wall that supports only itself and is used only to keep weather out?
curtain wall
464
What phase would be characterized by flame over or flashover?
explosive growth phase
465
Specialty team safety officers work at what level?
tactical level (subordinate to primary ISO who is at command level)
466
What is the number one fear of adults?
public speaking
467
Smoke produced by synthetics will change to what color before black?
gray
468
What does "same amount and color of smoke from separate openings" mean?
deep seated fire, possibly located well within building
469
The progress of a scaling rescuer can be monitored using a what?
TIC
470
_________ be defined as the status of the building, conditions, and hazards in terms of stability and time?
Environmental integrity
471
What is a training approach in which a trainee closely observes experienced mentors as they perform duties?
shadowing
472
What is the difference in soot and ash?
- soot is carbon that can support flaming
| - ash is trace metals or minerals that CANNOT support flame
473
What is a template that outlines a mental or physical process that considers inputs that lead to an output or outcome?
action model
474
Who is responsible for planning and safely conducting training activities
IIC
475
How many people required for vehicle based attack on wildland fire?
two
476
The bottom chord of a parallel truss is loaded with what stress?
tension
477
What type of framing was prevalent in wood buildings during the industrial era?
balloon framing
478
The line safety officer (SOFR) can be the safety officer assigned to what?
initial attack operations that haven't escalated to Type 1 or Type 2 incidents
479
The methods of attack employed for wildland fires are numerous but typically classified as _________ or ________.
direct or indirect
480
How many people should make up a dedicated RIC at structure fires?
4
481
Although there is no standard, what is a good color for the ISO vest?
green
482
The current popular trend of "reading smoke" was triggered by ISO academies that were developed by who?
David Ross
483
Sucking, puffing, and "breathing" signs indicate what about a fire?
out of thermal balance
484
How is the warm zone marked?
yellow tape with CAUTION or FIRE LINE
485
Who develops and implements a national response plan?
DHS
486
What is an incident that involves unusually gruesome situations, FF injury or death, or other psychologically stresses called?
atypically stressful event
487
Surfaces that are smoking, not burning, are said to be "off gassing". This term is not accurate. What is the more accurate term?
off-aggregating
488
What is the ISOs radio designation?
SAFETY
489
The practical application of SOPs puts who in the best place to suggest changes or new SOPs?
ISO
490
What is defined as temporary shoring, bracing, or formwork used to support incomplete structural elements during building construction?
false work
491
What are structural insulated panel (SIP) buildings?
load bearing wall are made of OSB that sandwiches 6-12" of expanded polystyrene (EPS)
492
What are the three factors that must be addressed as part of the personnel leg of the triad?
training
health
attitude
493
Which part of the MEDIC Action Model is the "output"?
Develop
Intervene
Communicate
494
What term applies to areas where homes and businesses have minimal separation from natural growing wildland areas?
wildland-urban interface (WUI) aka... "I zone"
495
How many accountability systems can be in play at a hazmat?
two (one for hazmat team and one for support personnel)
496
What are the five components of the accident chain?
```
environment
human factors
equipment (including PPE)
event
injury
```
497
Using the mnemonic MEDIC for addressing hazards, which can be addressed prior to the training?
Evaluate
| Develop
498
NFPA defines a technical rescue incident as...Complex incidents requiring ___________ trained personnel and equipment to complete the mission.
specialty
499
What are the four safety triggers listed?
```
being visible (passive)
setting an example (passive)
soft intervention (active)
firm intervention (active)
```
500
If the IC does not wish to do a PIA of any type, the ISO should still what?
prepare some documentation
