(c) Second Quarter Final Study Guide Flashcards
Public Communications
One person speaking to many with limited feedback.
The first tasks in preparing your speech are to choose and develop your topic
Guidelines for Choosing a Topic
- Choose a topic early
- Choose a topic that interests you
- Choose a topic that you know something about
Three Basic General Purposes for Speaking
- To Entertain
- To Inform
- To Persuade
To Entertain
- Basic Purpose for Speaking
- Relax an audience by providing them with a pleasant listening experience
To Inform
- Basic Purpose for Speaking
- To enlighten your audience by teaching them something
To Persuade
- Basic Purpose for Speaking
- To move your audience toward a new attitude or behavior
Eulogy
A speech of praise that is delivered in honor or commemoration of someone living or deceased
- Commends or lifts up the finer qualities and characteristics of someone. Not ment to dwell on shortcomings or mistakes
Funeral Celebrant
An individual who personalizes and designs meaningful funerals or tributes
Purpose Statement
A complete sentence that describes what you want your speech to accomplish. Not delivered to your audience
Thesis/Thematic Statement
The central idea of your speech, usually found in the first paragraph. Delivered to your audience
The Basic Structure of a Speech
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
Three components in analyzing the speaking situation
The speaker
The audience
The occasion
Analysis of the speaker (self-analysis)
- Your purpose for speaking (what I want to accomplish)
- Your feelings about yourself in the specific speaking situation
- Your unique knowledge and experience
Analyis of the Audience
- Audience type (captive or volunteer)
- Audience purpose for gathering
- Demographics
- Attitudes, beliefs, values
Analysis of the Occasion
- Time: space in time, amount of time to speak, time of day
- Space: surroundings, physical space
- Audience Expectations: the speech should fit the occasion
Gathering Information for Your Speech
Research Resources
Library and Library Personnel
Reference Works
Periodicals
Databases
Personal Observations
Surveys
Interviews
Electronic Media/Audio Visuals
Outline
A planned sequence for reaching the goals of a speech
Patterns/Ways of Organizing Your Speech Points
Time Pattern
Space Pattern
Topic Pattern
Problem-Solution Pattern
Time Pattern
- Ways of Organizing Your Speech Points
- Periods of time, chronology, or arranging according to steps of a process
Space Pattern
- Ways of Organizing Your Speech Points
- According to area (ex. east to west)
Topic Pattern
- Ways of Organizing Your Speech Points
- Based on types or categories
Problem-Solution Pattern
- Ways of Organizing Your Speech Points
- States what is wrong and proposes a way to improve
Four Main Functions of the Introduction
- To capture the attention of the audience
- To preview the main points
- To set the mood or tone of your speech
- To demonstrate the importance of the topic to the audience
Main Functions of the Conclusion
- Review the thesis
- Summarize the main points
- Make effective final remarks
During the conclusion of your speech your audience will tend to…
- Listen more carefully as your speech draws to a close
Consider what you say at the end of your speech is important
Types of Supporting Material
- Verbal Support : analogies, compare/contrast, anecdotes, examples, testimony, quotes, stats
- Visual Support: visual aids
Rules /Guidelines for Visual Aids
- Practice before giving speech
- Simplicity, size, appropriateness, reliability, attractiveness
Visual Aids Should…
- Enhance understanding
- Add visual variety
- Help the message have a lasting impact
Types of Delivery
Extemporaneous
Impromptu
Manuscript
Manuscript
Memorized
Extemporaneous
- Types of Delivery
- A speech planned in advance but presented in a direct, conversational manner
- Recommended for the inexperienced speaker
Impromptu
- Types of Delivery
- A speech given without any preparation and on the spur of the moment; on the top of one’s head
Manuscript
- Types of Delivery
- A speech that is read word-for-word from a prepared text
Memorized
- Types of Delivery
- A speech that is learned and delivered by rote and without a written text
Visual Aspects of Delivery
Appearance, posture, and facial expressions
Two Rules of Public Speaking/Presentations that Help Overcome Nervousness
- Preparation: rehearse
- Practice: analysis of speaker, audience, occasion, create an outline, develop visual and verbal support
Two Types of Stage Fight
- Debilitative: an intense level of anxiety resulting in poor performance
- Facilitative: a moderate level of anxiety that can help improve a speaker’s performance
Anecdote
A story or illustration
Attending
The process of focusing on certain stimuli from the environment
Attitude
A predisposition to respond to an idea, person, or thing favorably or unfavorably
Audience Types
Apathetic Audience
Friendly Audience
Hostile Audience
Neutral Audience
Auditory Aspects of Delivery
Articulation
Pitch
Rate
Volume
Comparison/Contrast
Demonstrate similarities and differences
Concise
To be clear and brief
Conclusion
The final structure of the speech, in which the main points are reviewed and final remarks are made to motivate the audience to act, or help the listeners remember key ideas
Credibility
The believability of a speaker or other source of information
Demographics
Audience characteristics that can analyzed statistically, such as age, gender, education, group membership, and so on
Evaluative Listening
Listening in which the goal is to judge the quality or accuracy of the speaker’s remarks
Testimony
Type of supportive material
- Quoting a famous person or expert in the field
Specific Purpose
The precise effect that a speaker want to have on an audience, expressed in the form of a purpose statement
Rhetorical Question
A question that does not have to be answered by the audience
Introduction
The first structural unit of the speech, in which the speaker captures the attention of the audience and previews the main points to be covered
Faulty Listening Behaviors
Ambushing
Defensive Listening
Insensitive Listening
Insulated Listening
Pseudolistening
Selective Listening
Stage Hogging
Ambushing
- Type of Faulty Listening Behavior
- A style in which the receiver listens carefully to gather information to use in an attack on the speaker
Defensive Listening
- Type of Faulty Listening Behavior
- Taking innocent comments as personal remarks
Insensitive Listening
- Type of Faulty Listening Behavior
- Failure to recognize the thoughts or feelings that are not directly expressed by the speaker, instead accepting the speaker’s words at face value
Insulated Listening
- Type of Faulty Listening Behavior
- A style in which the receiver ignores undesirable remarks
Pseudolistening
- Type of Faulty Listening Behavior
- Giving the appearance of listening
Selective Listening
- Type of Faulty Listening Behavior
- Responding only to the parts of a speaker’s remarks that interest you, rejecting everything else
Stage Hogging
- Type of Faulty Listening Behavior
- Not listening because he/she is only interested in what he/she has to say
