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QS APC > C - Quantification and costing (of construction works) > Flashcards

C - Quantification and costing (of construction works) Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by measurement?

A

The transformation of drawn information into descriptions and quantities, undertaken to value, cost and price construction work.

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2
Q

What are the different methods of measurement for a Cost Plan?

A

1) Functional Unit
2) Floor Area
3) Elemental
4) Approximate Quantities
5) Bill of Quantities

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3
Q

What is the most commonly used standard form of measurement?

A

New Rules of Measurement (NRM)

International Property Measurement Standards (IPMS)

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4
Q

What are the benefits of having a standard method of measurement?

A

1) Provides structure for information
2) Defines units of measurement for different items (m, m2, m3, t)
3) Provides rules as to what is included within each item
4) Defines terms used to avoid disputes
5) Allows familiarity to development so measurement becomes quicker and easier
6) Provides clear system of structuring other project information

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5
Q

What is SMM7?

A

Standard Method of Measurement, superseded by NRM

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6
Q

What is the New Rules of Measurement?

A

A suite of documents comprising three volumes; NRM 1, NRM 2, NRM 3

Published by the RICS

Provides a standard set of measurement rules for estimating, cost planning, procurement and whole-life costing for construction projects.

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7
Q

What is NRM 1?

A

Title
NRM 1: Order of Cost Estimating and Cost Planning for Capital Building Works, 2nd edition

Best practice guidance note offering guidance on the preparation of:

  • Order of cost estimates
  • Elemental cost models
  • Cost plans
  • Cost analyses
  • Benchmark analyses
  • Capturing historic cost data for order of cost estimates and elemental cost plans
  • How to describe quantifying non-measurable items such as prelims, OH&P, fees, risk and inflation
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8
Q

How is NRM 1 structured?

A

Part 1 - General - Introduction, purpose of NRM1, Measurement in context with RIBA Plan of Work, definitions etc

Part 2 - Measurement rules for order of cost estimating

Part 3 - Measurement rules for cost planning

Part 4 - Tabulated rules of measurement for elemental cost planning

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9
Q

What is NRM 2?

A

Title
NRM 2: Detailed Measurement for Building Works, 1st edition

Provides a set of detailed measurement rules for preparing a BoQ or Schedule or Rates for the purpose of obtaining a tender price.

Also deals with quantification of non-measurable work items, Contractor designed works and risks.

Offers guidance on the content, structure and format of bills of quantities.

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10
Q

How is NRM 2 structured?

A

Part 1 - General - Introduction, purpose of NRM 2, Measurement in context with RIBA Plan of Work, definitions etc

Part 2 - Rules for detailed measurement of building works - Function of the BoQ, provides work breakdown structures for BoQ, information required to enable BoQ preparation, how to prepare a BoQ

Part 3 - Tabulated rules of measurement for building works

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11
Q

What is NRM 3?

A

Title
NRM 3: Order of Cost Estimating and Cost Planning for Building Maintenance Works, 1st edition

Provides guidance on the quantification and description of maintenance works for the purpose of preparing initial order of cost estimate.

Aids the procurement and cost control of maintenance works.

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12
Q

How is NRM 3 structured?

A

Part 1 - General - Introduction, purpose of NRM 3, Measurement in context with RIBA Plan of Work, definitions etc

Part 2 - New rules of measurement for building maintenance works

Part 3 - Measurement rules for order of cost estimating (renewal and maintain)

Part 4 - Measurement rules for cost planning of renewal (R) and maintain (M) works

Part 5 - Calculation of annualised costs for renewal (R) and maintain (M) works

Part 6 - Tabulated rules of measurement for elemental cost planning

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13
Q

What is the RICS Code of Measurement Practice?

A

A guidance note that provides precise definitions to permit accurate measurement of buildings and land, the calculation of sizes and description or specification of land and buildings on a common and consistent basis.

GEA, GIA, NIA, NSA

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14
Q

What is the GEA as defined in the Code of Measurement Practice and what does it INCLUDE?

A

GROSS EXTERNAL AREA

The area of a building measured externally at each floor level.

Includes:

  • Footprint of building
  • Internal balconies, columns, walls, lift rooms
  • Loading bays
  • Areas with less headroom than 1.5m
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15
Q

What does GEA EXCLUDE?

A
  • External open-sided balconies, covered ways and fire escapes
  • Canopies
  • Open vehicle parking areas, roof terraces and the like
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16
Q

What is the GIA as defined in the Code of Measurement Practice and what does it INCLUDE?

A

GROSS INTERNAL AREA

The area of a building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor.

Includes:

  • Area occupied by internal walls and partitions
  • Columns, chimney breasts, stairwells, lift shafts, vertical ducts and the like
  • Mezzanine floor areas with permanent access
  • Service accommodation e.g. halls, toilets
  • Loading bays
  • Garages
  • Atria with clear height above are measured at base level only
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17
Q

What does GIA EXCLUDE?

A
  • Perimeter wall thickness and external projections
  • External open sided balconies, covered ways and fire escapes
  • Canopies
  • Greenhouses, garden stores, fuel stores
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18
Q

What is the NIA as defined in the Code of Measurement Practice and what does it INCLUDE?

A

The ‘usable’ area within a building, measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level.

Includes:

  • Areas occupied by non-structural walls subdividing accommodation
  • Built in units, cupboards and the like
  • Kitchens
  • Atria with clear height above are measured at base level only
  • Entrance halls (in tenant area, not common spaces)
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19
Q

What does NIA EXCLUDE?

A
  • Lift rooms, plant rooms and the like
  • Toilets, bathrooms and the like
  • Corridors and other circulation areas where used in common with other occupiers
  • Stairwells, liftwells
  • Vehicle parking areas
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20
Q

What is IPMS?

A

International Property Measurement Standards

Developed by a group of more than 80 professional and not-for-profit organisations working together to implement international standards for measuring property.

A principles-based, international standard which sets out how to measure property assets. It does not define the units of measurement, but instead what is included within the measurement of a property floor space.

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21
Q

What International Property Measurement Standards are available and when were they released?

A

1) IPMS: Office Buildings - 2014
2) IPMS: Residential Buildings - 2016
3) IPMS: Industrial Buildings - 2018
4) IPMS: Retail Buildings - 2019 (September)

22
Q

What is IPMS 1?

What is its use?

A

The total area of each floor level measured to the outer perimeter of external walls.

Similar to GEA.

Used for planning purposes or the summary costing of development proposals.

23
Q

What is included in IPMS 1?

A
  • All areas, walls, pillars and enclosed walkways or passages between separate buildings.
  • Basements
  • Enclosed voids / atria are only included at their lowest level
24
Q

What is excluded in IPMS 1?

A
  • Temporary structures
  • Open light wells or the upper level voids of an atrium
  • Open external stairways
  • Any structure beyond the covered area
25
Q

What is IPMS 2?

What is its use?

A

The total area of each floor level measured to the Internal Dominant Face of all External Walls and External Floor Areas on each level

Similar to GIA.

Used for providing data on the use of space within a building and for benchmarking.

26
Q

What is included in IPMS 2?

A
  • All areas inside the internal dominant face including partitions and columns
  • Enclosed voids / atria are only included at their lowest level
  • Balconies and accessible rooftop terraces are included but should be stated separately
27
Q

What is IPMS 3?

A

The floor area available on an exclusive basis to an occupier

Similar to NIA.

Used for measuring the occupation of floor area in exclusive use, not directly related to IPMS 1 or IPMS 2.

28
Q

What is included in IPMS 3?

A

Calculated on an occupier-by-occupier and floor-by-floor basis.

Includes all internal walls and columns within tenant area (consistent with IPMS 1).

Adjoining tenancy walls are taken to the centre line.

29
Q

What is BIM?

A

Building Information Modelling

NOT a software - It is a PROCESS

It provides architecture, engineering and construction professionals information and tools to efficiently plan, design, construct and manage buildings and structures

30
Q

What are the levels of maturity of BIM?

A

Level 0 - Unmanaged CAD (Computer Aided Design)
Level 1 - Describes managed CAD, in 2D or 3D
Level 2 - Involves developing building information in a collaborative 3D environment with data attached, but created in separate discipline models

Level 3 - Yet to be defined - thought it will include a single, collaborative, online, project model including construction sequencing cost and lifecycle management information

31
Q

How does BIM work?

A

A database generates a 3D model that can be explored and manipulated making it easier to understand the relations between speaces, materials and systems

It has the capability to create 3D images and building plans

It allows revisions to be made and the assembly of accurate details

Detailed data permits design, clash detection, cost and scheduling

32
Q

What are the BIM 7 Dimensions?

A 
3D BIM
4D BIM - Scheduling
5D BIM - ESTIMATING
6D BIM - Sustainability
7D BIM - Facility Management
33
Q

Which of the BIM 7 Dimensions relates to cost?

A

5D BIM

It links the 3D CAD components with the time constraints of 4D BIM with cost related information (5D)

  • Used for budget tracking and cost analysis related activities
  • Allows participants to visualise progress of their activities and related costs over time
  • Can result in greater accuracy and predictability of projects estimates, scope changes and materials, equipment or manpower changes
  • 5D BIM provides methods of extracting and analysing costs, evaluating scenarios and change impacts
34
Q

What are the benefits of BIM?

A

1) Improved visualisation of the project, communication of design intent (allows better planning and design that takes best advantage of available space and resources)
2) Improved multidisciplinary collaboration
3) Reduced re-work (see potential problem areas before the error is made in the physical world)
4) 4D improves planning. Builders and manufacturers can optimise their construction activities and team coordination
5) 5D enables the development of more efficient, cost effective and sustainable constructions
6) 6D use leads to an overall reduction in energy consumption
7) 7D optimises asset management from design to demolition

35
Q

What are the challenges that face BIM?

A

1) Compatibility with users - Not yet universally used, many professionals may not use BIM
2) Quality of information - Rubbish in, Rubbish out
3) Legal issues - Legal implications of BIM have not yet been broadly tested
4) Cost of software - BIM software is expensive.
5) Lack of expertise - Few experts in the field, may require extra investment in training and education

36
Q

What is a provisional sum?

A

A sum of money included in the contract for work that cannot be fully defined at the time of tender, or work that is not sure is required

37
Q

What types of provisional sum are there?

A

1) Defined

2) Undefined

38
Q

What is a defined provisional sum?

A

A sum included in the Contract for work that has not been completely designed at the time of pricing but for which certain specified information can be given

39
Q

What is the Contractor deemed to have allowed for within a defined provisional sum?

A

1) Proper allowance for carrying out the work in their programme and preliminaries
2) They are not entitled to and EOT or extra prelims for carrying out the works, whatever the delay or cost of doing so to the Contractor

40
Q

What is the actual work does not closely resemble the provisional sum?

A

1) If the description is not accurate, it has to be amended
2) This will be treated as a variation
3) This will entitle the Contractor to and EOT and extra prelims if appropriate

41
Q

What is an undefined provisional sum?

A

A sum included for work for which there is minimal, or no information at the time of tender

42
Q

What is the Contractor deemed to have allowed for within an undefined provisional sum?

A

1) Not allowed for anything

2) Not made proper allowance in the programme or preliminaries for carrying out the works

43
Q

How can a provisional sum be expended?

A

Under the AS4000 a provisional sum included in the contract shall not itself be payable by the Principal

A direction is required for the work to be carried out (provided by the Superintendent)

44
Q

How are provisional sums valued?

A

The same way as a variation

45
Q

How are provisional sums dealt with in the Final Account?

A

The provisional sum included in the contract are deducted

The actual amount is substituted

46
Q

What are the risks associated with provisional sums?

A

The actual cost and time exceeds that allowed for in the provisional sum because the nature of the item changes between tender and instruction

47
Q

What is a Prime Cost Sum?

A

An allowance for the support of materials or work to be provided by a contractor that is nominated by the Client

48
Q

What is the Contractor deemed to have allowed for within a prime cost sum?

A

A prime cost is exclusive of profit or attendence by the contractor

49
Q

How are prime costs adjusted?

A

They are finalised based on invoices of the supplied items, plus an amount for overheads and profit for the main contractor.

50
Q

What are the differences between a Prime Cost Sum and a Provisional Sum?

A

PRIME COST SUM
Allowance, usually calculated by the QS for the supply of work / materials provided by a subcontractor / supplier nominated by the Client

PROVISIONAL SUM
Allowance, usually estimated by the QS for a specific element of works that is not yet defined in enough detail for tenderers to accurately price

QS APC (18 decks)

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