C - Growth & Development Theories & Principles

Question 1

What are the 5 G&D theories?

Answer 1

1. Gesell’s biophysical dev
2. Erikson’s psychosocial dev
3. Piaget’s cognitive dev
4. Kohlberg’s moral dev
5. Freud’s psychosexual dev

Question 2

What’s Gesell’s theory of biophysical dev? (1)
How does growth occur? (2)

Answer 2

• every child has unique growth patterns, influenced by genetics & env
• cephalocaudally ( head > toes) & proximodistally (trunk > hands & feet)

Question 2

What are the motor developments from infants till adolescents?

Answer 2

Infants: Birth - 1yr

Toddlers: 1-3yrs

Pre-schl: 3-6yrs
- hold good posture
- coordination, balance & rhythym improves

Adolescents: (start of puberty: 8-14) - (18-20) yrs
- Early: increased muscle mass & endurance
- Middle: increased speed & coordination + more competitive
- Late: precise hand eye coordination

Question 3

What are the cognitive developments from infants till adolescents? Whose theory is it?

Answer 3

Piaget’s!!!!
1. Sensorimotor: Birth - 2yrs (infants)
- how children develop thinking & understanding of their world
- use senses (sight, touch) to learn
- learn object permanence: smt is still thr even if you cant see it - peekaboo!

2. Preoperational: 2-7yrs (toddlers, pre-schl)
   - use symbols to represent words & ideas
   - egocentricism: dont undst others POV
   - create imaginary friends but can switch from fantasy to reality easily
   - animism: believe objects have life-like qualities
   - associative play: play together with friends doing the same activity
3. Concrete operational: 7-11 (schl age)
   - begin to undst the world with words & images
   - seriation: arrange things according to their common/diff traits
   - qty of smt remains the same evn though it looks diff -> eg: 200ml of water stays the same when it is poured from a cup to a bucket
4. Formal operational: 11-adulthood
   - begin to think abstractly
   - concerned w societal issues & politics

Question 4

What are the social developments from infants till adolescents? Whose theory is it?

Question 5

What are the psychosocial developments from infants till adolescents? Whose theory is it?

Answer 5

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial dev!!!!!!!

BIRTH - 1 YR: Infant
Trust vs. Mistrust
- Needs met + sensitive caregiver

1 - 3 YRS: Toddler
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
- allowed to make their own decisions

3 - 6 YRS: Pre-schl
Initiative vs. Guilt
- learn to initiate & plan activities

6 - 12 YRS: Schl
Industry vs. Inferiority
- encouraged to learn new skills

12 - 18 YRS:
Identity vs. Role Confusion
- encouraged to explore sense of self

18 - 40 YRS:
Intimacy vs. Isolation
- develop meaningful r/s

40 - 65 YEARS
Generativity vs. Stagnation
- contribute to society & is part of a community

65 & OLDER
Integrity vs. Despair
- satisfied with life’s accomplishments

Question 6

What are the moral developments from infants till adolescents? Whose theory is it?

Answer 6

Kohlberg’s theory of moral dev!!!
1. Pre-Conventional (up to 9 yrs)
- dont undst right & wrong
- behaviour based on rewards & punishments

2. Conventional (9-15 yrs)
   - accepts societal values on right & wrong
   - imitate their role model’s values
   - learn to treat ppl like how they’d want to be treated
3. Post-Conventional (adulthood)
   - develop their own values
   - undst moral & ethical principles

Question 7

What’s Freud’s psychosexual dev? What are the stages?

Answer 7

Psychosexual dev in diff parts of the body
5 stages.

Oral: birth - 1yr
- use mouth to explore world

Anal: 1-3yrs
- learn to control peeing and
pooping
- learn to delay gratification to please caregiver

Phallic: 3-6yrs
- learns sexual identity through awareness of genitals

Latency: 6-12yrs
- sexual urges latent -> energy spent on schoolwork, friendships & activities

Genital: 12-19yrs
- sexual urges reawakened
- sexual maturity, learn to establish
relationship with opposite sex

Question 8

What are warning signs for an infant-toddler’s G&D?

Answer 8

Birth
Very irritable or inert; Stiff or floppy;
Cloudy or white pupil

3months
Complete head lag; Hands always fisted;
Asymmetry of lack of movement of limbs;
No visual fixation; No social response

6months
Any head lag; Moro reflex or asymmetric
tonic neck reflex persists; Poor social
response; Constant squint

9months
Hand regard persists; No tuneful babbles;
Not smiling; Not chewing; Abnormal tone;
Constant use of 1 hand only

12months
No imitating play or noises; No poking or
pincer grip; Not trying words; Not sitting
alone; Constant mouthing

18months
No understanding of use or command;
Casting and mouthing; No spontaneous
words; Not standing alone

2 years
No words with meaning; Excessive
dribbling; Not walking alone; No
constructive play

3 years
Echolalia jargon; No sentences; Most
words unintelligible; Very clumsy

4 years
No cooperative play; Very immature
speech; Not drawing; No toilet
awareness

5 years
Marked confusion of sounds, grammar
and articulation; Very clumsy hands