C - Chapter X: Liver Function Test Flashcards

1
Q

Largest organ ([?] in adult)

A

~1.2 – 1.5 kg

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2
Q

Located in the

A

right upper quadrant of the abdomen

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3
Q

Dual Blood Supply:

A

a) Portal Vein
b) Hepatic Artery

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4
Q

– carries blood from alimentary tract

A

a) Portal Vein

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5
Q

– carries oxygenated blood to the liver

A

b) Hepatic Artery

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6
Q

Receives, processes & stores materials absorbed from the

A

digestive tract

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7
Q

Synthesis:

A

multiple plasma proteins

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8
Q

Main organ of

A

detoxification

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9
Q

Synthesis of bile acids from

A

cholesterol

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10
Q

Major site of

A

catabolism of hormones

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11
Q

– “Icterus”

A

JAUNDICE

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12
Q

– yellow discoloration of the plasma, skin, sclerae & mucous membranes caused by Bilirubin accumulation

A

JAUNDICE

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13
Q

PORTAL HYPERTENSION ( mmHg)

A

> 20

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14
Q

PORTAL HYPERTENSION

Increased:

A

sinusoidal infiltration, scarring or hepatic vein obstruction

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15
Q

PORTAL HYPERTENSION

Major Complications:

A

Hepatosplenomegaly, Ascites & Hepatorenal syndrome

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16
Q

Accumulation of substances that are normally metabolized by the liver

A

HEPATIC FAILURE & ENCEPHALOPATHY

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17
Q

Liver plays a major role in enzymatic transformation & disposition of drugs

A

ALTERED DRUG METABOLISM

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18
Q

Hormone imbalance

A

ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES

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19
Q

The liver efficiently sequesters dimeric IgA & secretes it into the bile

A

IMMUNOGLOBULIN ABNORMALITIES

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20
Q

Chronic liver disease produces alterations in Hemostasis and a generalized hemorrhagic tendenc

A

DISORDERED HEMOSTASIS

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21
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF LIVER DISEASE

A
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22
Q

DAILY BILIRUBIN PRODUCTION

A

(average 250 – 300 mg)

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23
Q

: Derived from degradation heme from hemoglobin

25
FORMS OF BILIRUBIN
UNCONJUGATED CONJUGATED DELTA
26
– bound by albumin & transported to the liver
 UNCONJUGATED
27
– formed from the reaction of UCB with glucuronic acid
 CONJUGATED
28
– conjugated bilirubin bound to Albumin
 DELTA
29
- Both have acceptable precision
Jendrassik-Grof & Evelyn-Malloy procedures
30
- Adapted by many automated instruments
Jendrassik-Grof & Evelyn-Malloy procedures
31
- Most frequently used methods to measure Bilirubin
Jendrassik-Grof & Evelyn-Malloy procedures
32
 Occurs when the problem causing the jaundice occurs prior to liver metabolism
PRE-HEPATIC JAUNDICE
33
 Caused by an increased amount of bilirubin being presented to the liver (e.g. Acute & Chronic Hemolytic Anemia)
PRE-HEPATIC JAUNDICE
34
 Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
PRE-HEPATIC JAUNDICE
35
 Primary problem causing the jaundice resides in the liver (intrinsic liver disease)
HEPATIC JAUNDICE
36
Disorders of Bilirubin Metabolism
Gilbert’s Syndrome Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
37
– intermittent hyperbilirubinemia; cause by reduction in the expression of UGT1A1 gene (thereby reduced conjugating ability of the liver)
Gilbert’s Syndrome
38
 Chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia; rare & more severe disorder
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
39
Molecular defect w/in the gene involved with bilirubin conjugation
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
40
– complete absence of enzymatic bilirubin conjugation
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type I
41
– mutation causing a severe deficiency of the enzyme for conjugation
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type II
42
Disorders related to Transport (Transport Defects)
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome Rotor Syndrome
43
Removal of conjugated bilirubin from the liver cell & the excretion into the bile are defective
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
44
Caused by deficiency of the canalicular transporter protein (MDR2/cMOAT)
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
45
Appearance of dark-stained granules on a liver biopsy
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
46
Hypothesized to be due to a reduction in the concentration or activity of intracellular binding proteins (e.g. Ligandin)
Rotor Syndrome
47
Liver biopsy does NOT show dark pigmented granules
Rotor Syndrome
48
PHYSIOLOGIC JAUNDICE of the NEWBORN Unconjugated [?]
hyperbilirubinemia
49
PHYSIOLOGIC JAUNDICE of the NEWBORN Deficiency in the enzyme [?] (one of the last liver functions to be activated in prenatal life)
Glucuronyl transferase
50
– deposition of bilirubin in the nuclei of brain & nerve cells
Kernicterus
51
Usually results from biliary obstructive disease (e.g. gallstones, tumors)
POST-HEPATIC JAUNDICE
52
Prevents the flow of conjugated bilirubin into the bile canaliculi
POST-HEPATIC JAUNDICE
53
Clay-colored stool
POST-HEPATIC JAUNDICE
54
- results in cell damage & death in the newborn
Kernicterus
55
 Usually results from biliary obstructive disease (e.g. gallstones, tumors)
POST-HEPATIC JAUNDICE
56
 Prevents the flow of conjugated bilirubin into the bile canaliculi
POST-HEPATIC JAUNDICE
57
 Clay-colored stool
POST-HEPATIC JAUNDICE