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Clinical Chemistry 1 > C - Chapter IX: Lipids and Lipoproteins > Flashcards

C - Chapter IX: Lipids and Lipoproteins Flashcards

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1
Q

: organic substances which are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents (chloroform and ether) and insoluble in polar solvents (water)

A

Lipids

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2
Q

nonpolar organic solvents

A

(chloroform and ether)

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3
Q

polar solvents

A

(water)

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4
Q

: yield fatty acids on hydrolysis OR complex alcohols the can combine with fatty acids to form esters

A

Lipids - chemically

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5
Q

: cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and non-esterified fatty acids

A

human plasma lipids

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6
Q

: macromolecule which consists of varying proportions of protein, cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid

A

Lipoproteins

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7
Q

water-soluble, thus, it facilitates the transport of the lipids in the circulation

A

Lipoproteins

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8
Q

are diverse in terms of their structure and function

A

Lipids

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9
Q

 Secondary energy source

A

TRIGLYCERIDE / Neutral FAT

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10
Q

 Serves as a thermal insulator

A

TRIGLYCERIDE / Neutral FAT

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11
Q

 Protects tissues from physical trauma

A

TRIGLYCERIDE / Neutral FAT

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12
Q

 Precursor of biological hormones

A

CHOLESTEROL

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13
Q

 Source of bile acids

A

CHOLESTEROL

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14
Q

 Component of the Cell membrane

A

CHOLESTEROL

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15
Q

 Component of the Cell membrane

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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16
Q

 Associated with vital life processes (e.g. CNS)

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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17
Q

also known as triacylglycerol

A

TRIGLYCERIDES

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18
Q

transported by chylomicrons (exogenous) and VLDL (endogenous)

A

TRIGLYCERIDES

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19
Q

Complete Hydrolysis:

A

3 FA + glycerol

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20
Q

Partial Hydrolysis:

A

2 FA + monoglyceride

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21
Q

Absorption: = via the portal route

A

Glycerol (H2O-soluble)

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22
Q

Absorption: = via the lymphatic route

A

Fatty acids (H2O-insoluble)
Monoglyceride (H2O-insoluble)

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23
Q

Synthesis of TG from

A

monoglyceride & glycerol

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24
Q

: degradation of the fatty acids by 2C atoms with subsequent production of Acetyl CoA

A

β-oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria

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25
Q

found exclusively in animals and humans

A

CHOLESTEROL

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26
Q

contains cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring

A

CHOLESTEROL

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27
Q

contains 27 C atoms

A

CHOLESTEROL

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28
Q

(?) in the intestines comes from the diet, bile, intestinal secretions and cells

A

cholesterol

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29
Q

to be absorbed, it has to solubilized by the formation of mixed micelles containing unesterified cholesterol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, phospholipids and conjugated bile acids

A

cholesterol

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30
Q

90% of body’s (?) is synthesized by the liver and gut from simpler molecules like Acetyl CoA

A

cholesterol

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31
Q

complexing of cholesterol with a fatty acid; this process enhances the lipid carrying capacity of lipoproteins

A

Esterification

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32
Q

is mainly esterified in the vascular compartment

A

Cholesterol

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33
Q

Cholesterol

Catalyzed by:

A

− LCAT
− ACAT

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34
Q

− LCAT –

A

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase (in plasma)

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35
Q

− ACAT –

A

Acyl Cholesterol Acyltransferase (intracellularly)

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36
Q

transported by LDL to the cells

A

Cholesterol

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37
Q

transported by HDL out of the cells

A

Cholesterol

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38
Q

(?) that reaches the liver is either secreted unchanged into bile (free cholesterol) or metabolized to form bile acids

A

cholesterol

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39
Q

LIPOPROTEINS: MAJOR CLASSES

A
  1. Chylomicron (CM)
  2. Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
  3. Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)
  4. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
  5. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
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40
Q

Synthesized & released from the SI (Exogenous pathway)

A

Chylomicron (CM)

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41
Q

very rich in triglycerides (80%)

A

Chylomicron (CM)

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42
Q

transports dietary fat

A

Chylomicron (CM)

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43
Q

relatively poor in cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins

A

Chylomicron (CM)

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44
Q

Proteins: Apo B-48, AI, AII, AIV, C (1-2%)

A

Chylomicron (CM)

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45
Q

when present in high levels : milky plasma (floating creamy layer)

A

Chylomicron (CM)

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46
Q

synthesized and released from the liver

A

Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

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47
Q

transports cholesterol & triglyceride which are synthesized in the liver (endogenous pathway)

A

Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

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48
Q

smaller than chylomicrons

A

Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

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49
Q

elevated levels produce a turbid plasma

A

Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

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50
Q

contain : 50% triglycerides, 40% cholesterol and phospholipid, 10% protein

A

Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

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51
Q

Proteins: Apo B-100 & Apo C-II

A

Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

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52
Q

endogenous pathway

A

Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

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53
Q

Exogenous pathway

A

Chylomicron (CM)

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54
Q

derived from VLDL hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

A

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)

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55
Q

partly depleted of triglyceride

A

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)

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56
Q

contains an almost equal amount of triglyceride & cholesterol

A

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)

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57
Q

Proteins: Apo B and E

A

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)

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58
Q

produced from the action of LPL on IDL

A

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

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59
Q

consists of 50% cholesterol, 25% protein, 20% phospholipid and 5% of triglycerides

A

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

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60
Q

produced & catabolized in the liver & intestines

A

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

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61
Q

Contains Apo AI & Apo AII

A

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

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62
Q

richest in protein (50% of its weight is protein)

A

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

63
Q

involved in reverse cholesterol transport (excess cholesterol is returned from the tissues to the liver)

A

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

64
Q

ABNORMAL LIPOPROTEINS

A

Lipoprotein(a) or Lp(a)
LpX Lipoprotein
β-VLDL (“floating β” lipoprotein)

65
Q

similar to LDL in terms of density and overall composition

A

Lipoprotein(a) or Lp(a)

66
Q

abnormal lipoprotein found in patients with obstructive biliary disease, and in patients with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency

A

LpX Lipoprotein

67
Q

abnormal lipoprotein that accumulates in type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia

A

β-VLDL (“floating β” lipoprotein)

68
Q

Richer in cholesterol than VLDL

A

β-VLDL (“floating β” lipoprotein)

69
Q

– protein portion of lipoproteins

A

APOLIPOPROTEINS

70
Q

: major protein of HDL and chylomicron

A

Apolipoprotein A

71
Q
  • originate in the intestine or liver
A

Apolipoprotein A

72
Q

: major protein of all lipoproteins except HDL

A

Apolipoprotein B

73
Q

(found in lipoprotein formed in the liver)

A

Large B or B100

74
Q

(found in lipoprotein formed in the S.I.)

A

Small B or B48

75
Q

: major protein of VLDL and chylomicrons and a minor protein of HDL and LDL

A

Apolipoprotein C

76
Q

: function as a transfer protein •

A

Apolipoprotein D

77
Q

: plays a significant role in the recognition & catabolism of chylomicron remnant and IDL via specific receptors in hepatic cells

A

Apolipoprotein E

78
Q

Biologic variation

A
79
Q

fasting – ideally fast for

A

12 hours3.

80
Q

Posture- [?] decrease noted in TC, LDL-C, HDL-C after [?] of recumbent position4.

A

10%
20 mins

81
Q

Venous vs capillary samples – capillary levels generally [?] than venous

A

lower

82
Q

Plasma vs serum – either can be used when only [?] and [?] are measured and [?] is calculated from these three measurements

A

cholesterol, triglycerides
HDL-C
LDL-C

83
Q

Storage – generally, [?] can be satisfactorily analyzed

A

frozen samples

84
Q

A. COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION of CHOLESTEROL Stepwise Methods

A
  1. Direct Colorimetric / One-Step
  2. Two-Step Method
  3. Three-Step Method
  4. Four-Step Method
85
Q

serum is combined with the color reagent then incubated to allow color reaction to occur

A

Direct Colorimetric / One-Step

86
Q

Direct Colorimetric / One-Step Methods:

A

Watson’s, Ferro-Ham, Pearson, Zlatkis

87
Q

Liebermann-Burchard Reaction Reagents:

A

Acid anhydride, conc. H2SO4

88
Q

Liebermann-Burchard Reaction End-product:

A

cholestapolyene sulfonic acid (emerald green)

89
Q

Salkowski’s Reaction Reagents:

A

conc. HAc, Ferric ions

90
Q

Salkowski’s Reaction End-product:

A

cholestapolyene carbonium ion (reddish-purple)

91
Q

Involves 1extraction step prior to 2colorimetric reaction

A

Two-Step Method

92
Q

Eliminates protein interference

A

Two-Step Method

93
Q

Two-Step Method - Methods:

A

Carr-Drekter, Saifer-Kammer, Leoffler-McDougold

94
Q

Requires 1extraction w/ petroleum ether followed by 2 saponification and then 3colorimetric determination

A

Three-Step Method

95
Q

Standard method

A

Three-Step Method

96
Q

Three-Step Method - Method:

A

Abell-Kendall

97
Q

Requires 1extraction, 2saponification, 3purification with digitonin then 4colorimetric determination

A

Four-Step Method

98
Q

Considered as the reference method

A

Four-Step Method

99
Q

Four-Step Method - Methods:

A

Schoenheimer-Sperry, Sperry-Webb

100
Q

cholesteryl ester + water —-[?] —-> cholesterol + FFA

A

cholesterol esterase

101
Q

cholesterol + O2 —-[?]—-> cholest-4-en-3-one + H2O2

A

cholesterol oxidase

102
Q

Colorimetric (most common)

A

Hantzsch-Lutidine Reaction

103
Q

Hantzsch-Lutidine Reaction

Formaldehyde + acetylacetone + NH4 [?] (yellow @ 410 nm)

A

3,5-diacetyl-1,4- dihydrolutidine

104
Q

Van Handel and Zilversmit

Formaldehyde + H2SO4 + chromotropic acid (CTA) [?]

A

pink chromophore

105
Q

Weiland Method

glycerophosphate + NAD —[?] —> DHAP + NADH + H

A

glycerophosphate DH

106
Q

Weiland Method

NADH + tetrazolium dye —[?]—> formazan + NAD (340nm)

A
107
Q

Trinder Reaction

glycerophosphate + O2 —[?]—> DHAP + H2O2

A

glycerophosphate oxidase

108
Q

Trinder Reaction

H202 + reduced chromogen –→ [?]

A

Quinoneimine dye

109
Q

Eggstein and Kreutz method

ADP + PEP —[?] —> ATP + pyruvate

A

pyruvate kinase

110
Q

Eggstein and Kreutz method

pyruvate + NADH + H —LDH—> [?] (340 nm)

A

lactate + NAD

111
Q

automated homogenous assays

A

HDL-C Determination

112
Q

enzymatic method

A

HDL-C Determination

113
Q

for calculation of LDL-c and VLDL-c

A

Friedewald calculation

114
Q

cannot be used when TG is >400 mg/dL

A

Friedewald calculation

115
Q

LDL-c

A
116
Q

VLDL-c

A
117
Q

VLDL-C in mmol/L

A
118
Q

DeLong, 1986:

VLDL in mmol/L =

VLDL in mg/dL

A
119
Q

LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) Optimal

A

<100

120
Q

LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) Near optimal/above optimal

A

100 – 129

121
Q

LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) Borderline high

A

130 – 159

122
Q

LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) High

A

160 – 189

123
Q

LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) Very high

A

≥ 190

124
Q

Total cholesterol (mg/dL) Desirable

A

<200

125
Q

Total cholesterol (mg/dL) Borderline high

A

200 – 239

126
Q

Total cholesterol (mg/dL) High

A

≥ 240

127
Q

HDL cholesterol Low

A

HDL cholesterol <40

128
Q

HDL cholesterol High

A

≥ 60

129
Q

Triglycerides Normal

A

<150

130
Q

Triglycerides Borderline high

A

150 – 199

131
Q

Triglycerides High

A

200 – 499

132
Q

Triglycerides Very high

A

≥ 500

133
Q

diseases associated with abnormal lipid concentrations

A

Dyslipidemias

134
Q

Dyslipidemias - multifactorial :

A

− genetic abnormalities
− environmental/lifestyle imbalances
− secondary to other diseases

135
Q

Hyperchylomicronemia

A

Type I

136
Q

Creamy layer; Clear to Slightly Turbid

A

Type I

137
Q

Mod. Increase to markedly increased TG

A

Type I

138
Q

Increased LDL

A

Type IIa

139
Q
  • Premature atherosclerosis
A

Type IIa

140
Q
  • Familial Hypercholesterolemia
A

Type IIa

141
Q

Clear w/ Yellow Orange tint

A

Type IIa

142
Q

Increased cholesterol & normal TG

A

Type IIa

143
Q

Increased β and pre-β due to deficiency of LDL receptors

A

Type IIb

144
Q

Clear to Slightly Turbid

A

Type IIb

145
Q

Increased cholesterol & mod. Increased TG

A

Type IIb

146
Q

Broad merging of β and pre-β Increased IDL

A

Type III

147
Q

Thin cream layer Turbid to opaque

A

Type III

148
Q

Increased cholesterol & mod. to marked increase in TG

A

Type III

149
Q

Inc. pre-β Increased VLDL

A

Type IV

150
Q

Turbid to opaque

A

Type IV

151
Q

Normal to slight increase in cholesterol & mod. to marked increase in TG

A

Type IV

152
Q

Increased chylomicron & VLDL

A

Type V

153
Q

Thick creamy layer Turbid to opaque

A

Type V

154
Q

Mod. increase in cholesterol & marked increase in TG

A

Type V

Clinical Chemistry 1 (10 decks)

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