A - CHAPTER II: LABORATORY SAFETY MANAGEMENT Flashcards
1
Q
– freedom from harm or danger; absence of risk
A
SAFETY
2
Q
concern & responsibility of everyone (employees, administrators, staff)
A
Safety
3
Q
affect the morale and threaten the emotional & physical well-being of all persons involved as well as co-workers
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Injuries & accidents
4
Q
are expensive
A
Accidents
5
Q
Causes of injuries or accidents:
A
• Negligence or carelessness • Ignorance or lack of orientation • Fatigue or stress • Lack of awareness • Haste / cramming • Inexperience • Loss of focus
6
Q
Implementation of [?] are essential
A
preventive measures
7
Q
Development of [?]
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biological & chemical exposure plans
8
Q
Healthcare institutions are vested with moral responsibilities to provide:
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- Safe environment / workplace
- Training
- Protective equipment and gadgets (laboratory gown, gloves, shoes)
9
Q
1984
A
Respiratory Protection Standard
10
Q
1987
A
Hazard Communication Standard : “Right – to – Know Law”
11
Q
1991
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Occupational Exposures to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories – “Laboratory Standard”
12
Q
1991
A
Bloodborne Pathogens Standard
13
Q
1992 (revised)
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Formaldehyde Standard
14
Q
- A mandatory process by which a state grants permission to an individual or organization to engage in a given occupation or business
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Licensure
15
Q
- A process by which qualified individuals are listed on an official roster maintained by a government agency
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Registration
16
Q
- A voluntary process by which a NGO grants recognition to an individual who has met certain educational requirements and demonstrated competency by examination
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Credentialing / Certification
17
Q
- A voluntary process of external review in which a private agency grants public recognition to an institution that meets certain standards
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Accreditation
18
Q
REGULATORY AGENCIES:
A
- Department of Transportation
- Environmental Protection Agency
- Food and Drug Administration
- Department of Health
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration
19
Q
AGENCIES THAT ISSUE GUIDELINES & STANDARDS
A
- American Association of Blood Banks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- International Organization for Standardization
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
20
Q
– a substance, situation or condition that is capable of inflicting harm to human health, property or system functioning
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HAZARD
21
Q
- Capable of producing serious injury or life-threatening diseases
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HAZARD
22
Q
STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
A
- Design and Lay-out
- Structural Safety Rules
a. Building materials : concrete
b. Storm damage control
c. Fire prevention
d. Fire-fighting systems
e. Entrance & exit routes
f. Storage of flammable reagents
g. Blockage of hallways & doors
h. Ventilation system - Workflow process
- Ventilation plan especially for Histopathology & Microbiology Sections
- Location / ease of use / availability of safety fixtures and decontamination stations
23
Q
Infectious agents
A
Biologic
24
Q
Bacterial, fungal, viral or parasitic infections
A
Biologic
25
Needles, lancets, broken glasswares
Sharps
26
Cuts, punctures, or blood-borne pathogen exposure
Sharps
27
Preservatives and reagents
Chemical
28
Exposure to toxic, carcinogenic, or caustic agents
Chemical
29
Equipment and radioisotopes
Radioactive
30
Radiation exposure
Radioactive
31
Ungrounded or wet equipment and frayed cords
Electrical
32
Burns and shock
Electrical
33
Bunsen burners, alcohol lamps, organic chemicals
Fire / Explosive
34
Burns and disability (dismemberment)
Fire / Explosive
35
Wet floors, heavy boxes, loitering patients or personnel
Physical
36
Falls, sprains or strains
Physical
37
Exposure to infectious agents (HBV, HIV) through specimen collection, handling & testing
BIOHAZARD
38
Preventive measures:
1. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
2. Handwashing before and after handling patient; after contact with specimen
3. Isolation of highly infective or susceptible patients
4. Proper disposal of waste
39
– instituted by CDC (1985)
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION
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– General guidelines for isolation; precautions in hospitals
1983
41
– Blood specimens are considered potentially infectious
1985
42
– Blood & certain body fluids of all patients should be treated potentially infectious
1987
43
– All patients are assumed to be possible carriers regardless of the patient’s condition or state
1989
44
SPECIMEN w/c are POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS
Blood Pus & purulent fluids Seminal fluid Vaginal secretions Cerebrospinal fluid Pleural fluid Peritoneal fluid Pericardial fluid Amniotic fluid Breast milk
45
SPECIMEN w/c are USUALLY NOT INFECTIOUS (unless visibly bloody)
Feces Nasal secretions Sputum Sweat Tears Urine Vomitous
46
SHARP HAZARD
➢ (?) of machines
➢ Never (?) a needle
➢ Use needle (?)
Needles, lancets, probes
re-cap
disposal container / needle incinerator
47
– revises the Blood-borne Pathogen Standard of 1992
The Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act of 2000
48
➢ Flammable, corrosive, explosive, carcinogenic, toxic, reactive reagents
CHEMICAL HAZARD
49
➢ All chemicals should have
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)
50
must be consulted prior to the use of a reagent
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)
51
Safety Practices:
a. PPE
b. Fume hoods
c. Storage – classify according to characteristics
d. Presence of a chemical safety officer
52
Lab. Coats, aprons, goggles
PPE
53
classify according to characteristics
Storage
54
must be below eye level
Storage cabinets
55
Storage must be labeled with
toxicity, specific hazard concern; manufacturer's name, address, date of preparation, hazard warning
56
Cause visible destruction of human tissue or injury upon contact or inhalation.
CORROSIVES
57
Chemicals with pH<2 or >12.
CORROSIVES
58
Can spontaneously explode or ignite, or evolve heat, flammable or explosive gas under certain conditions
REACTIVES
59
: have FP <100 C
Flammables
60
: FP (=/>100F)
Combustibles
61
: the lowest T that produces sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture at the surface of the liquid
Flashpoint
62
Induce genetic mutations; cause changes in the DNA molecule
MUTAGENS
63
Cause physical defects in the developing embryo
TERATOGENS
64
Upon prolonged/repeated exposure, may promote the development of cancer cells
CARCINOGENS
65
conc. HAc, H 2 SO 4 , HCl; conc. NH 4 OH, KOH, NaOH
CORROSIVES
66
Ethyl ether & isopropyl ether ; Perchloric acid
REACTIVES
67
Acetone, alcohols, ether, xylene, benzene
IGNITABLES
68
Radioactive isotopes, benzene, benzidine, heavy metals
MUTAGENS
TERATOGENS
CARCINOGENS
69
: Explosives
Class 1
70
: Compressed Gas
Class 2
71
: Flammable Liquids
Class 3
72
: Flammable Solids
Class 4
73
: Oxidizer materials
Class 5
74
: Toxic materials
Class 6
75
: Radioactive materials
Class 7
76
: Corrosive materials
Class 8
77
: miscellaneous materials
Class 9
78
Wet floors, heavy boxes, human traffic
PHYSICAL HAZARD
79
Eliminate clatter; clean spillage ASAP
PHYSICAL HAZARD
80
First signs of fire (smoke, burning smell) : investigate then sound fire alarm
FIRE HAZARD
81
Evacuate immediately; unplug all electrical gadgets
FIRE HAZARD
82
Use fire extinguishers
FIRE HAZARD
83
Guidelines in Handling Flammable Reagents: Area
5,000 sq. ft. = maximum of 10 gallons of flammable reagents
84
To store [?] BUT in a safety cabinet; if NONE, only [?] are to be stored in safety cans
60 gallons
25 gallons
85
SAFETY CANS LIMIT:
[?] of Class A flammable reagents
[?] of Class B flammable reagents
[?] of other reagents
1 pint
1 quart
1 gallon
86
TRAINING AND PRACTICE
- Orientation and in-service training - Hands-on use of fire extinguishers, fire blankets, emergency eyewashes, fire isolation techniques - Comprehensive techniques in identifying the fire - Fight the FIRE or abandon the FIRE
87
2 MAJOR ELECTRICAL HAZARDS in the LABORATORY:
A. Electrical equipment
B. Electrical wiring
88
Electrical wiring
➢ [?] – unplug & discontinue usage; inform supervisor
➢ [?] before repair
Defective equipment
Decontaminate / disinfect
89
SAFEGUARDS recommended by NFPA, adopted by CAP, JCAHO and other fire districts:
1. No extension cords or outlet adapters
2. Equipment should be checked for compliance to electrical standards before use
3. Laboratory preventive maintenance programs
90
Laboratory preventive maintenance programs:
a. Once a year examination of voltage and grounding
b. Current leakage
c. Broken, worn or frayed ends on plugs and cords
d. Review power needs of the laboratory and electrical receptacles should be adequate
e. Circuit breakers conveniently located & labeled
f. Electrical equipment should not be used in areas of flammable materials
g. Electrical safety must form part of the orientation & educational program of the laboratory
91
➢ Storage of radioactive materials:
caution signs; access by authorized employees only.
92
➢ Exposure limit:
(maximum permissible dose equivalents) 5000 mrem/year whole body
93
➢ Nonionizing radiation:
microwaves, infrared, UV
94
Four basic waste-disposal techniques :
➢ flushing down the drain to the sewer system
➢ incineration
➢ landfill burial
➢ recycling
95
TYPES OF WASTES:
HAZARDOUS WASTES
INFECTIOUS WASTES
MEDICAL WASTES
96
- may pose a threat to human health or the environment when improperly handled
HAZARDOUS WASTES
97
- Anything that may harbor or transmit pathogenic organisms from individuals who may have a communicable disease
INFECTIOUS WASTES
98
- any solid, semisolid or liquid waste generated in diagnosis, treatment or immunization of humans or animals in research or production or testing of biological
MEDICAL WASTES
99
Black
Non-infectious DRY waste
100
Green
Non-infectious WET waste
101
Yellow
Infectious Pathological waste
102
Yellow with black band
Chemical waste (heavy metals)
103
Red
Sharps & pressurized containers
104
Orange
Radioactive wastes
