A - Chapter I: INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards
– seeks to understand the physiologic and biochemical processes occurring in normal and abnormal states
Fundamental science
– analyses performed on body fluids or tissues to provide important information for the diagnosis and treatment of disease
Applied science
LABORATORY REAGENTS:
A. CHEMICALS
Analytical grade/Reagent grade chemicals
United States of Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary
Chemically pure/Pure grade chemicals
Technical/Commercial grade
LABORATORY REAGENTS:
B. STANDARDS
Primary Standards
Secondary Standards
Standard Reference Materials
- meet specifications set by the American Chemical Society
Analytical Grade
- of high purity and is suitable for most analytical laboratory procedures
Analytical Grade: Ultra-Pure Reagents
- Includes spectograde, nanograde and HPLC
Analytical Grade
-used to manufacture drugs
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF)
- Less pure grade
Chemically pure (CP) / Pure Grade Chemicals
- Impurity limitations and chemical preparation are not uniform
Chemically pure (CP) / Pure Grade Chemicals
- lowest quality and should not be used for analytical work
Technical or Commercial grade
- highly purified chemicals that can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration.
Primary Standard (PS)
- used for standardization of solutions of unknown strength
Primary Standard (PS)
- stable and can be dried, preferably at 104 - 110 ̊C, without a change in composition
Primary Standard (PS)
- not hygroscopic
Primary Standard (PS)
- of lower purity with concentration determined by comparison with a primary standard
Secondary Standard
- certified by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
Standard Reference Materials (SRM)
- Types of Reagent Grade Water:
Distilled water
Deionized water
Type I
Resistivity (megaohm/cm (@ 25OC)
Silicate (mg/L, as SiO2)
pH
Microbiologic content (CFU/mL)
10
2.0
0.1
Type II
Resistivity (megaohm/cm (@ 25OC)
Silicate (mg/L, as SiO2)
pH
Microbiologic content (CFU/mL)
0.05
0.1
1.0
Type III
Resistivity (megaohm/cm (@ 25OC)
Silicate (mg/L, as SiO2)
pH
Microbiologic content (CFU/mL)
NS
NS
5 - 8
<10
103
NS
➢ Used in test methods requiring minimum interference and maximum precision and accuracy
Type I
➢ acceptable for most analytic procedures
Type II
trace metal , iron and enzyme analyses, electrolyte measurements
Type I