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Clinical Chemistry 1 > A - Chapter I: INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > Flashcards

A - Chapter I: INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

– seeks to understand the physiologic and biochemical processes occurring in normal and abnormal states

A

Fundamental science

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2
Q

– analyses performed on body fluids or tissues to provide important information for the diagnosis and treatment of disease

A

Applied science

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3
Q

LABORATORY REAGENTS:
A. CHEMICALS

A
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4
Q

LABORATORY REAGENTS:
B. STANDARDS

A
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5
Q
  • meet specifications set by the American Chemical Society
A

Analytical Grade

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6
Q
  • of high purity and is suitable for most analytical laboratory procedures
A

Analytical Grade

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7
Q
  • Includes spectograde, nanograde and HPLC
A

Analytical Grade

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8
Q

-used to manufacture drugs

A

United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF)

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9
Q
  • Less pure grade
A

Chemically pure (CP) / Pure Grade Chemicals

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10
Q
  • Impurity limitations and chemical preparation are not uniform
A

Chemically pure (CP) / Pure Grade Chemicals

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11
Q
  • lowest quality and should not be used for analytical work
A

Technical or Commercial grade

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12
Q
  • highly purified chemicals that can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration.
A

Primary Standard (PS)

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13
Q
  • used for standardization of solutions of unknown strength
A

Primary Standard (PS)

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14
Q
  • stable and can be dried, preferably at 104
A

Primary Standard (PS)

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15
Q
  • 110˚C, without a change in composition;
A

Primary Standard (PS)

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16
Q
  • not hygroscopic
A

Primary Standard (PS)

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17
Q
  • of lower purity with concentration determined by comparison with a primary standard
A

Secondary Standard

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18
Q
  • certified by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS); used as primary standard materials in the clinical laboratory.
A

Standard Reference Materials (SRM)

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19
Q
  • Types of Reagent Grade Water:
  • CAP and CLSI specifications :
A

WATER SPECIFICATIONS

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20
Q

Type I

Resistivity (megaohm/cm (@ 25OC)
Silicate (mg/L, as SiO2)
pH
Microbiologic content (CFU/mL)

A

10
2.0
0.1

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21
Q

Type II

Resistivity (megaohm/cm (@ 25OC)
Silicate (mg/L, as SiO2)
pH
Microbiologic content (CFU/mL)

A

0.05
0.1
1.0

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22
Q

Type III

Resistivity (megaohm/cm (@ 25OC)
Silicate (mg/L, as SiO2)
pH
Microbiologic content (CFU/mL)

A

NS
NS
5 - 8

<10
103
NS

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23
Q

➢ Used in test methods requiring minimum interference and maximum precision and accuracy

A

Type I

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24
Q

➢ acceptable for most analytic procedures

A

Type II

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25
Q

 trace metal , iron and enzyme analyses, electrolyte measurements

A

Type I

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26
Q

 tissue or cell culture

A

Type I

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27
Q

 ultramicro analysis; preparation of all standards

A

Type I

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28
Q

 stored in a manner that reduces any chemical or bacterial contaminations and for short periods.

A

Type II

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29
Q

 chemistry, hematology, immunology, reagent QC & standard preparation

A

Type II

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30
Q

 urinalysis, parasitology, histology acceptable for washing glasswares

A

Type III

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31
Q

5 PREPARATION OF REAGENT GRADE WATER

A
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32
Q

➢ Water is boiled and vaporized; Each distillation cycle removes impurities

A

Distillation

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33
Q

➢ Some impurities sodium, potassium, manganese, carbonates and sulfates.

A

Distillation

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34
Q

➢ remove 98% of the particulate matter.

A

Filtration

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35
Q

➢ Activated carbon: removes organic materials and chlorine

A

Filtration

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36
Q

➢ (<0.2 mm) or glass or cotton fiber: depending on the type of water

A

Submicron fibers

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37
Q

➢ Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration : Remove particulate matters, microorganisms, pyrogens & endotoxins

A

Filtration

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38
Q

➢ Uses an anion or cation exchange resin followed by replacement of the removed ions with OH- or H+.

A

Deionization

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39
Q

➢ Uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane

A

Reverse Osmosis

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40
Q

➢ Does not remove dissolved gases; may be used as pre-treatment of water.

A

Reverse Osmosis

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41
Q

FACTORS DETERMINING THERMAL DURABILITY

A
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42
Q

– temperature resulting to deformation due to heat stress

A
  1. Strain Point
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43
Q
  • °T at w/c glass is heated in order to prevent brittleness
A
  1. Annealing Point
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44
Q

– refers to dimension change w/ °T (ideally, it should be low)

A
  1. Coefficient of Expansion
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45
Q

PROPERTIES OF GLASS

A
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46
Q

: dependent on silicate anion content (greater amount – more durable)

A

a. Breakability

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47
Q

: dependent on boron oxide, nickel & ferric ion content

A

b. Thermal Durability

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48
Q

: dependent on ferric ion content

A

c. Transparency

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49
Q

▪ With high degree of thermal resistance ( 510OC)

A

Borosilicate w/ Low Alkaline content

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50
Q

▪ This should not be heated beyond its strain point

A

Borosilicate w/ Low Alkaline content

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51
Q

▪ May cloud/etch when used with strong alkalis; may be scratched

A

Borosilicate w/ Low Alkaline content

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52
Q

▪ Most common type used in volume measurements

A

Borosilicate w/ Low Alkaline content

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53
Q

▪ Corex

A

Alumina-silicate glasswares

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54
Q

▪ Strengthened chemically rather than thermally; 6X stronger than borosilicate glass but less thermally resistant

A

Alumina-silicate glasswares

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55
Q

▪ Alkali resistant; Resists some clouding and scratching

A

Alumina-silicate glasswares

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56
Q

▪ Vycor- ashing & ignition techniques; can withstand very high temperature.

A

Alumina-silicate glasswares

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57
Q
  • with good thermal endurance (900 - 1200OC), chemical stability and electrical characteristics
A

High Silica Glasswares (96% silica)

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58
Q
  • good optical and temperature characteristics
A

High Silica Glasswares (96% silica)

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59
Q
  • With poor heat resistance but has high resistance to alkali
A

Boron-free glass (“Soft Glasswares”)

60
Q
  • Thermally resistant and with a red or amber color
A

Low-Actinic glass

61
Q
  • soda lime glass composed of a mixture of oxides of Silicon, Calcium and Sodium
A

Flint glass

62
Q
  • cheapest and with poor resistance to high temperatures
A

Flint glass

63
Q

Class A tolerances according to NIST :

A

high thermal borosilicate or aluminosilicate glass

64
Q

SPECIAL GLASSWARES

A
65
Q
  • has metallic oxides; used for filters and light bulbs
A

Colored and Opal Glasses

66
Q
  • has a thin, metallic oxide permanently fire-bonded to its surface; can conduct electricity
A

Coated Glass

67
Q
  • made of soda lime, lead and borosilicate
A

Optical Glass

68
Q
  • has a high optical activity; prisms, lenses and optical mirrors
A

Optical Glass

69
Q
  • with high thermal resistance, chemical stability and corrosion resistance
A

Glass Ceramics

70
Q
  • for hot plates, table tops and heat exchangers
A

Glass Ceramics

71
Q
  • made of soda lime and lead
A

Radiation-Absorbing Glass

72
Q

LABORATORY PLASTIC WARES

A
73
Q
  • Clear and rigid; not autoclavable
A

Polystyrene (PS)

74
Q
  • Used for disposable wares
A

Polystyrene (PS)

75
Q
  • Not recommended for use with acids, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, hydrocarbons or essential oils
A

Polystyrene (PS)

76
Q
  • Chemically resistant to most substances except for aldehydes, amines, ethers, hydrocarbons and essential oils
A

Polyethylene

77
Q
  • Conventional Polyethylene (CPE): translucent and flexible; not autoclavable
A

Polyethylene

78
Q
  • Has the same chemical resistant as polyethylene
A

Polypropylene (PP)

79
Q
  • Translucent and rigid; autoclavable; Used for screw-cap closures
A

Polypropylene (PP)

80
Q
  • Resin that has excellent chemical resistance to almost all chemicals in the lab.
A

Teflon

81
Q
  • Clear, translucent and flexible; autoclavable
A

Teflon

82
Q
  • Used for stopcocks, wash bottles and tubings
A

Teflon

83
Q
  • Translucent and flexible; autoclavable; used for tubings
A

Tygon

84
Q
  • Very susceptible to damage by most chemicals.
A

Polycarbonate (PC)

85
Q

Resistant to water, aqueous salts and inorganic acids for a long period.

A

Polycarbonate (PC)

86
Q
  • Very clear and rigid; autoclavable
A

Polycarbonate (PC)

87
Q
  • Used for carboys, test tube racks
A

Polycarbonate (PC)

88
Q
  • Used for most bottles and tubings
A

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

89
Q

STERILIZATION OF HIGH QUALITY PLASTICWARE:

A
90
Q

: 121°C at 15 psi for 15-20 mins

A

Autoclaving

91
Q

: Benzalkonium chloride

A

Chemical sterilization

92
Q

: Ethylene oxide

A

Gas sterilization

93
Q
  1. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO GRADUATIONS:
A

A. TRANSFER PIPETS
B. GRADUATED OR MEASURING PIPETS
C. “Blow Out”
D. “Between Two Marks”

94
Q

A. TRANSFER PIPETS

A
  1. Volumetric or Transfer pipet
  2. Ostwald-Folin pipet
  3. Pasteur pipets
  4. Automatic (macro or micropipets)
95
Q

B. GRADUATED OR MEASURING PIPETS

A
96
Q
  • used to transfer aqueous solutions & non-viscous samples
A

Volumetric or Transfer pipet

97
Q
  • self-draining
A

Volumetric or Transfer pipet

98
Q
  • has the greatest degree of accuracy and precision
A

Volumetric or Transfer pipet

99
Q
  • read at the lower meniscus
A

Volumetric or Transfer pipet

100
Q
  • with bulb at the center
A

Volumetric or Transfer pipet

101
Q
  • used for biologic fluids having viscosity greater than water
A

Ostwald-Folin pipet

102
Q
  • blowout pipets
A

Ostwald-Folin pipet

103
Q
  • read on the upper meniscus
A

Ostwald-Folin pipet

104
Q
  • bulb is closer to the delivery tip
A

Ostwald-Folin pipet

105
Q
  • no calibration mark
A

Pasteur pipets

106
Q

used to transfer solutions or biologic fluids without consideration of a specific volume

A

Pasteur pipets

107
Q

capable of dispensing several used to deliver a pre- determined volume of liquid

A

GRADUATED OR MEASURING PIPETS

108
Q

➢ calibrated between two marks; deliver between their calibration marks

A

Mohr pipet

109
Q

➢ Tip should NOT touch the receiving vessel

A

Mohr pipet

110
Q

➢ self-draining; with smaller orifice

A

Mohr pipet

111
Q

➢ graduated down to the tip

A

Serological pipet

112
Q

➢ blow-out pipet; with larger orifice

A

Serological pipet

113
Q

– exact volume is calibrated to fill the volume between two calibration points on the pipet

A

“Between Two Marks”

114
Q

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO USE:

A

“To-Contain” (TC)
“To-Deliver” (TD)

115
Q

➢ Holds the particular volume but does not dispense the exact volume

A

“To-Contain” (TC)

116
Q

➢ Requires rinsing

A

“To-Contain” (TC)

117
Q

➢ calibrated with mercury

A

“To-Contain” (TC)

118
Q

➢ usually a micropipette

A

“To-Contain” (TC)

119
Q
  • Volumes are expressed in microliter
A

micropipette

120
Q

➢ Delivers the exact volume indicated; Calibrated for the volume delivered

A

“To-Deliver” (TD)

121
Q

➢ fluid is allowed to flow freely with the pipet tip touching the inner wall of receiving vessel

A

“To-Deliver” (TD)

122
Q

 Safer, less time consuming, precise & convenient

A

Automatic macropipets or micropipets

123
Q

➢ mechanism draws up and dispenses the liquid

A

Automatic macropipets or micropipets

124
Q

Automatic macropipets or micropipets types

A
125
Q

: relies on a piston for suction creation to draw the sample into a disposable tip

A

Air-displacement

126
Q

: operates by moving the piston in the tip or barrel

A

Positive displacement

127
Q
  • Sample enters directly upon contact without air interference
A

Positive displacement

128
Q
  • No need to replace delivery tip
A

Positive displacement

129
Q

: obtain the liquid from a common reservoir and dispense it repeatedly

A

Dilutor/Dispenser pipets

130
Q

combines sampling & dispensing functions

A

Dilutor/Dispenser pipets

131
Q

process in which centrifugal force is used to separate solid matter from a liquid suspension; also separate two liquid phases of different densities

A

Centrifugation

132
Q

 RCF in grams=

A

1.118 x 10-5 x r x (rpm)2 ; or use nomogram

133
Q

 RPM =

A

tachometer or strobe light

134
Q

CENTRIFUGE TYPES

A
  1. Horizontal-head or swinging-bucket centrifuge
  2. Angle-head or fixed angle centrifuge
  3. Ultracentrifuge
135
Q

➢ tubes placed in the cups of the rotor assume a horizontal plane when the rotor is in motion and vertical position when at rest

A

Horizontal-head or swinging-bucket centrifuge

136
Q

➢ Tubes are held at a fixed angle from 25-40 degrees to the vertical axis of rotation

A

Angle-head or fixed angle centrifuge

137
Q

➢ Particles are driven outside and bottom of the tube and the surface of the sediment packs against the side and bottom of the tube and the surface of the sediment is parallel to the shaft of the centrifuge

A

Angle-head or fixed angle centrifuge

138
Q

➢ High-speed centrifuge; mainly fixed angle rotors

A

Ultracentrifuge

139
Q

➢ requires a refrigerated chamber

A

Ultracentrifuge

140
Q

5% HCl or 5% HNO3

A

New pipets

141
Q

10% NaOH (12 - 24 hours)

A

Blood clots

142
Q

20% HNO3

A

Metal ion determinations

143
Q

Any organic solvent; 50% KOH; Contrad

A

Grease

144
Q

50% HCl; Mixture of 1% FeSO4 in 25% H2SO4

A

Permanganate stains

145
Q

2 - 4% cresol autoclaving

A

Bacteriologic glasswares

146
Q

HCL solution (1:2); HNO3 solution (1:3)

A

Iron determination

147
Q

General washing procedures:

A

Clinical Chemistry 1 (10 decks)

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