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Axon Growth and Synapse formation > Bypsych (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) > Flashcards

Bypsych (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the value of the resting potential?

A

-70mv (polarised state)

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2
Q

The name of the electrodes used at a cell level?

A

Microelectrodes

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3
Q

What does the plus signs of the ions indicate?

A

The ion carry a single positive charge.

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4
Q

What ions are mostly outside and inside?

A

NA mostly outside, K mostly inside

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5
Q

What are the specialized pores thorough which ions go?

A

Ion channels

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6
Q

How do you describe electrostatic pressure?

A

Opposites attract

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7
Q

What is the second factor that influences ion distribution?

A

Random motion for Na to move down their concentration gradient

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8
Q

What channels are open in resting state?

A

K channels

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9
Q

Who discovered the sodium-potassium pump?

A

Hodgkin and Huxley

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10
Q

What is the quantity distributed by the sodium-potassium pump?

A

For 3 ions of Na out, 2 ions of K in

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11
Q

The firing of neurons releases chemicals at their button terminals called?

A

Neurotransmitters

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12
Q

What are the two effects of neurotransmitters?

A

Depolarization or hyperpolarization

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13
Q

An action potential is elicited when the depolarization of the neuron reaches?

A

The threshold of excitation (-65mV)

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14
Q

What are the two characteristics of the transmission of postsynaptic potential?

A

It’s rapid and decremental

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15
Q

Where is the action potential generated?

A

Axon initial segment

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16
Q

What is a graded response?

A

If the signal is weak, the postsynaptic potential is small and vice versa

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17
Q

Action potentials are not graded responses, they are?

A

All or none responses

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18
Q

What is called the adding or combining a number of individual signal into an overall signal?

A

Integration

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19
Q

What are the two types of integration?

A

Spatial and temporal summations

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20
Q

Axoni nemielinizați sau…

A

Amielinici

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21
Q

Conducerea poate fi de 4 feluri

A

Continuă/saltatorie, pasivă cu decrement, activă fără decrement (pa)

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22
Q

Ce este conductanța selectivă?

A

Membrana are o permisivitate ridicată față de anumiți ioni: gK>gNa

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23
Q

Care e raportul dintre gradientul de concentrație și presiunea electrostatică?

A

Gradientul de concentrație mai puternic decat presiunea electrostatică.

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24
Q

Ce se întâmplă cu neurotransmițătorii după potențialul de acțiune?

A

Astrocitele îi reintroduc în butonii terminali.

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25
Q

What is overshoot?

A

Se închid cananlele de Na

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26
Q

What does it mean a graded response and who has this capacity?

A

Only EPSP and IPSP are graded responses which means that the amplitute of them is proporitonal to the signal that elicits them

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27
Q

If EPSP and IPSP are graded responses, then AP are…

A

all or none respone

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28
Q

Do ESPS and IPSP travel all the way on the axons?

A

No, only few of them manage to travel very far along an axon

29
Q

WHat does substantia nigra produce?

A

A chemical called dopamine

30
Q

How do you explain hyperpolarisation?

A

The K channels are gradually closing so there is still a constant efflux of K

31
Q

How are reestablish the resting ion concentrations next to the membrane?

A

The random movement of the ionsș

32
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

A period of 1 to 2 milis after the initiation pf an AP during which is impossible to elicit a second one

33
Q

What is the relative refractory period

A

A period after the absolute refractory period in which another ap can be determined if the stimulus is bigger than usual

34
Q

What consequences does the relative refractory period have?

A

AP travelling in only one direction+ the rate of neural firing is related to the intensity of the stimulation

35
Q

How do you call the way of a signal going from the axon to the cell body?

A

antidromic conduction, opposite of orthodromic conduction

36
Q

Where are the sodium channels?

A

In the nodes of Ranvier

37
Q

What is the maximum velocity of conduction in human motor neurons?

A

about 60 m/s

38
Q

FUN FACT

A

Many of the neurons in mammalian brains have no axon or small axons and many of them do not normally display ap

39
Q

What are the properties of cerebral neurons that are not found in motor neurons

A

1.Many cerebral neurons fire continually even when they receive no input
2.Axons of some cerebral neurons can actively conduct both graded signals and action potentials
3.Action potentials of diff classes of cerebral neurons vary greatly in duration, amplitude and frequency
4.Many cerebral neurons do not display ap
5. The dendrites of some cerebral neurons can actively conduct action potentials.

40
Q

In which case of synapses do you find varicosities and how are the synapses called bcs of that?

A

Nondirected synapses, string-of-beads synapses

41
Q

Where are small-molecule neurotransmitters synthetized?

A

The cytoplasm of the terminal button and packaged in synaptic vesicles by the button’s Golgi complex

42
Q

Where are neuropeptides assembled?

A

In the cytoplasm of the cell body on ribosomes, and are transported by microtubules- they don’t gather as closely tot he presynaptic membrane as the other nt do.

43
Q

What is coexistence?

A

The fact that many neurons contain two neurotransmitters

44
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process of neurotransmitter release

45
Q

What is a receptor

A

A protein that contains binding sites for only particular neurotransmitters

46
Q

What is a ligand?

A

Any molecule that binds to another is referred to as its ligand

47
Q

What is a receptor subtype?

A

The different type of receptors to which a particular neurot can bind

48
Q

An advantage of the receptor subtype?

A

THey enable one neurotransmitter to transmit different kinds of messages to different parts of the brain

49
Q

Potassium influx determines inhibition or exhibition?

A

inhibition

50
Q

The G protein determines the synthesis of a second messenger which…

A

diffuses through the cytoplasm and for ex enter the nucleus and bind to the DNA and influencing genetic expression

51
Q

One special type of metabotropic receptor?

A

Autoreceptor

52
Q

What do autoreceptors do?

A

THe bind to their neuron’s own neurotransmitter molecules adn they are located in the presynaptic membrane. They monitor the number of neurotransmitter molecules in the synapse to reduce subsequent release when levels are high or increase when they are low

53
Q

What is the role of the transporter mechanisms?

A

Taking back neurotransmitters in the presunaptic buttons

54
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that stimulate or inhibit biochemical reactions without being affected by them

55
Q

What’s the role of astrocytes in synaptic transmission?

A

Release chemical transmitters, contain receptors for neurotransmiters, to conduct signals, to influence synaptic transmission

56
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Narrow spaces between adjacent cells. SOmetimes called electrycal synapses

57
Q

Unlike neurons, astrocytes are distributed…

A

evenly throughout a particular area

58
Q

Amino acids are known for…

A

Fast-acting in directed synapses

59
Q

Monoamines are synthetisized from

A

A single amino acid

60
Q

Monoamines are then divided into two categories

A

Catecholamines and indolamines

61
Q

Catecholamines are…

A

Dopamine Ephinephrine and Norepinephrine

62
Q

Indolamines are…

A

Serotonin

63
Q

Unconventional neurotransmitters are…

A

Soluble gases (nitric oxide and carbon monoxide)
Endocannabinoids (anandamide)

64
Q

What are the five categories of neuropeptides?

A

Pituitary peptides, Hypothalamic peptides, Brain-gut peptides, opioid peptides, miscellaneous peptides

65
Q

What are agonists?

A

Drugs that facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

66
Q

What are the two acetylcholine receptors and what are they’re meaning

A

A receptor can respond to multiple neurotransmitter, nicotinic receptors (ionotropic) and muscarinic receptors(metabotropic)

67
Q

Morphine is part of

A

Opium as a major psychoactive ingredient, is addictive

68
Q

Endogenous means

A

Occurs naturally in the body

69
Q

Enkephalins means

A

In the head

Axon Growth and Synapse formation (11 decks)

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