Buzzwords Flashcards
1
Q
Differentiating the beta haemolytic strep species
A
Optochin sensitivity
- strep pneumonia= sensitive
- strep viridans= resistant
2
Q
Virus causing clumsiness, weakness, vision changes in “recent transplant”
A
JC
3
Q
Illness in person who had “transfusion long time ago”
A
Hep C
4
Q
Ischaemic tongue
A
Giant cell arteritis
5
Q
Pneumonia in COPD patients
A
Haemophilus influenzae
6
Q
Blanching rash, which looks like “islands of white in sea of red” in recovery phase
A
Dengue
7
Q
Most common helminth
A
Ascaris
8
Q
Fungal infection of lung in AIDS patients
A
Cryptococcus
9
Q
Antifungal causing nephrotoxicity
A
Polyenes
10
Q
Pneumonia after travelling from abroad (Mexico)
A
Mycoplasma
11
Q
GI infection after Canned and vacuumed foods
A
Clostridium botulinum
12
Q
GI infection after eat refrigerated food (especially sandwiches)
A
Listeria
13
Q
GI infection after sushi (undercooked seafood)
A
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
14
Q
GI infection with foul-smelling diarrhoae
A
Campylobacteri
15
Q
GI infection causing cellulitis in shellfish handlers
A
Vibrio vulnificus
16
Q
Protozoal GI infection from swimming pools
A
Cryptosporidium parvum
17
Q
Protozoal GI infection diagnosed using string test
A
Giardia lamblia
18
Q
Returned from Mediterranean with undulant fever
A
Brucella
19
Q
Ulcerating papule, with necrotic centre. Gram +ve rods, responds to penicillin
A
Anthrax
20
Q
Most common Hepatitis in IVDU
A
HB
21
Q
UTI always associated with functional/anatomical abnormalities of the renal tract
A
Klebsiella
22
Q
causes haemorrhagic cystitis in children
A
Adenovirus
23
Q
Gram +ve cocci in chains, which grew on MacConkey plate and was aesculin-positive. Resistant to the conventional anti-streptococcal antibiotics.
A
Enterococcus
24
Q
Seen in burns victims. Gram -ve bacilli that produced a green pigment
A
Pseudomonas
25
Schuffner’s Dots seen in thin blood film
Plasmodium vivax and ovale
26
Maurer’s Clefts seen in thin blood film
Plasmodium falciparum
27
Used to treat contacts of meningococcal
Rifampicin
Ciprofloxacin
28
What do beta lactams bind to
Transpeptidase
29
Cause of erysipelas
Group A strep
30
Malaria drug against organisms in blood
ACT
31
Malaria drug against organisms in liver
Primaquine
32
Fundoscopy: retina looks like “pizza pie”
CMV
33
Treatment of Hep E
Ribavirin
34
Diagnosis toxoplasmosis in pregnancy
T. gondii DNA in amniotic fluid (PCR)
35
Assay used for fungi serology
βD Glucan Assay
36
Milky urethral discharge in man
NG
37
Stain used for H. pylori
Giemsa
38
Viral thymidine kinase converts aciclovir to what?
Aciclovir monophosphate
39
STI presents as a shallow painful ulcer, sometimes progressing to a lymphadenopathy
Chancroid
40
Costochondral swelling
Rickets
41
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
Hypercalcaemia – get brown tumours in bone
42
Q
Jigsaw/mosaic pattern in bone
Paget’s Disease
43
Eruptive xanthomas
Primary Hypertriglyceridaemia
44
Non-Islet Cell Tumour secrete which hormone, causing hypoglycaemia
IGF-2 (binds to insulin receptors, acting like insulin)
45
Which drug cannot be found in hair?
Cannabis
46
Half-life of albumin
20 days
47
Colourless urine gets oxidised to purple before reaches the lab
Porphyria
48
Porphyria with blistering on backs of hands
Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP)
49
Polysplenia and situs inversus
Biliary atresia
50
Frontal bossing in kids
Rickets
51
23 year old who has just started penicillin. Presents with confusion, weakness and seizures. Pale, bruised and breathing deeply
ATIN
52
45 year old female with swelling ankles and abdomen. Urine dipstick +++ protein, no blood. Microscope shows thichening of GBM
Membranous glomerulonephritis
53
25yo male sees blood in urine. Microscope shows mesangial cell proliferation
Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis
54
Side effect of medication: prolonged PR interval
Digoxin
55
First-line test when screening for metabolic diseases
Amino acids (urine and plasma)
56
Cause of episodic diarrhoea in long-term diabetic
Autonomic neuropathy
57
Illegal drug which increases CK
Ecstasy as can cause rhabdomyolysis
58
Propylthiouracil (PTU) inhibits this
Thyroid peroxidase
59
Severe hypoglycaemia (symptoms worse after exercise) with sudden weight gain
Insulinoma
60
Immune deposits on the outside of GBM showing “spike and dome” pattern
Membranous Glomerulonephritis
61
Cushingoid, but pituitary and adrenals are normal. Heavy drinker
Pseudo-Cushings = caused by alcoholic liver disease and psych conditions
62
Decreased faecal elastase
Pancreatic Insufficiency
63
This converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
Renin
64
Main cause of drug-induced cholestasis
Co-amoxiclav
65
Rosette Cells
NET
66
Liver biopsy shows nodular hepatocyte with collagen cuff around it
Liver with lots of nodules
Cirrhosis
67
What is interface hepatits
Interface hepatitis = can’t see where hepatocytes end and portal tract begins = T cell destruction of hepatocytes
68
Pericellular fibrosis around hepatocytes
Alcoholic hepatitis
69
Chocolate brown liver
Haemochromatosis
70
Liver disease with increased gamma globulin
PSC
71
IBD: Crypt abscess
uc
72
Lip and mouth complications of Crohn’s
Cheilitis = inflammation of lips (look dry and cracked)
Stomatitis = mouth ulcers
73
Brain tumour with long history of neuro signs/seizures
Oligodendroma
74
Whorl pattern (spirals) on brain biopsy
Meningioma
75
Medulloblastoma expresses this neuronal marker
Synaptophysin
76
Skin disease with hyperkeratosis
Contact Dermatitis (epidermis thicker after scratching)
77
Skin lesion with smooth surface, non-mobile, central punctum
Sebaceous Cyst
78
Weird horns growing on skin
Bowens
79
Skin viral infection which causes target lesions
Pityriasis Rosea = HHV6/7 (get URTI before rash)
80
Lung disease with Curschmann’s Spiral
Asthma
81
Lung infection which does not have consolidation on CXR, but shows patchy changes. Terminal event which kills off old person
Bronchopneumonia
82
Breast lump which shows 3D cluster of cells on biopsy
Intraductal papilloma
83
Palpable spleen with notch, and microscopic haematuria
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
84
Positive CLO test
Duodenal ulcer
85
A jejunal biopsy showed periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages
Whipples disease
86
Constipated with abdo pain that is relieved by pooing
Diverticular Disease
87
Cauliflower-like mass covered by dysplastic columnar epithelium in the rectum
Villous adenoma
88
Old man with palpable mass in right loin, and hypercalcaemia
Renal Cell Carcinoma- get humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy from PTHrP release
89
Largest ovarian neoplasm
Mucinous Tumour
90
Painful ulceration of the vulval skin. Intraepithelial blisters, intranuclear viral inclusions and eosinophilic cytoplasmic swelling
HSV
91
Pap smear taken from a chronic granulomatous ulcer shows a necrotic centre, periarteritis and endarteritis obliterans and an intense peripheral cellular infiltrate consisting mainly of mononuclear cells and giant cells
Syphilis
92
H. Pylori affects which part of the stomach the most?
Antrum
93
Red cell casts in urine
Glomerulonephritis
94
Pepper pot skull
Primary hyperparathyroidism
95
Raindrop skull
Myleoma
96
Multifocal breast lumps in young person
Lobular carcinoma
97
Tender bump, but contains inflammatory cells and proteinaceous debris only. A few weeks after giving birth
Duct ectasia
98
Firm breast lump – histology: long clefts with myxoid cellular stroma
Phyllodes tumour
99
Biliary brush cytology shows cellular discohesion and a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
Cholangiocarcinoma
100
Pins and needles in legs in osteoporosis
Vertebral collapse
101
Vitamin deficiency causing dry skin, dry eyes
Vit A
102
Ca 15-3 tumour marker
Breast
103
Symmetrical, erythematous lesions – with “central clearing”, and some have overlying vesicles/bullae
Erythema multiforme (Type IV Hypersensitivity)
104
Pancreatic cancer found in tail of pancreas
Neuroendocrine
105
Composition of radiolucent gallstones
Cholesterol
106
This disease predisposes to pilocytic astrocytoma
NF1
107
This makes CSF
Choroid plexus
108
Causes Tau -ve Pick’s Disease
Progranulin mutation
109
What do if CTG comes back normal that was started because of concerns from intermittent auscultation
Stop CTG and proceed with usual care
110
What do if CTG classified as suspicous
Assess whether there are other concerning risks like meconeum, sepsis or slow progress
- if not continue and assess hourly
- if so then consider underlying causes and conservative measures, fetal scalp stimulation or expediting delivery
111
What do if CTG classified as pathological
1- exclude acute events like prolapse, abruption or uterine rupture
- get full set of obs
2- consider conservaive measures
3- if these unsuccessful then consider expediting
112
What do with prolonged acute bradycardia
Expedite if over 9 minutes
Can use less time if significant other factors
113
What are conservative measures for CTG management
Assess maternal position- encourage to mobilise
Hypotension- if mother hypotensive or signs of sepsis give fluids. If from epidural top up- lay on left lateral position and give fluids
Contraction frequency- reduce oxytocin or offer subcut tubertaline
114
What causes foetal tachycardia
Maternal pyrexia
Chorioamnionitis
Hypoxia
Prematurity
115
What causes foetal bradycardia
Fetal distress
Congenital HB
Beta blockers
116
What causes loss of baseline variability
Prematurity, hypoxia
117
What causes late foetal decelerations
Indicates fetal distress e.g. asphyxia or placental insufficiency
118
What does variable decelerations suggest
May indicate cord compression
119
Stain for reticulocytes
Methylene blue
120
What are smear cells
fragile cells which open up = purple splodges
121
Tear drop cell and macrocytes
Pernicious anaemia
122
Test to differentiate IDA from Thalassaemia Trait
Hb Electrophoresis
- IDA: normal
- Thalassaemia: increased HbA2 in beta-thalssaemia, normal in alpha
123
Megakaryocytes in neonate
Neonatal Leukaemia (develops in utero and remits spontaneously)
124
Universal recipient
Group AB, RhD+ve
125
Polychromatic macrocytes
G6PD deficiency
126
Low platelets in post-surgical/septic patient
DIC
127
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency have deficiency in what?
Glutathione
128
What are echinocytes seen in
G6PD
Renal disease
Are irregularly contract RBC
129
Pectus excavatum, lax joints and a high-arched palate
Ehlers danlos
130
19 year old Jewish male presenting with multiple pathological fractures and hypersplenism
Gaucher’s disease
131
Bone marrow red cell aplasia and a positive Paul-Bunnell test
B19 parvovirus infection
132
Anti-leucocyte antibodies with similar specificity to the patient’s white blood cell antigens
TRALI
133
Acanthocytes (spiculated blood cells/spur cells)
Hyposplenism
134
Treatment of blast crisis in CML
Allogenic SCT
135
Causes primary effusion within a lymphoma
HHV8
136
Neonate with thumb abnormalities and macrocytic anaemia
Diamond-Blackfan Anaemia (affect RBC progenitors)
137
VTE – how long warfarin and what INR target?
Warfarin for 3 months (6 if cancer)
INR 2.5-3.5
138
VTE while on warfarin - how long warfarin and what INR target?
Warfarin lifelong
INR 3.5
139
Hepatomegaly and chondrocalcinosis
Haemochromatosis
140
Nuclei of cancer cells have cloverleaf apperance
Adult T-cell leukaemia
141
WBCs with filamentous projections/finger-like projections of cytoplasm
Hairy Cell Leukaemia
142
Waxing and waning lymphadenopathy but NO B symptoms
Follicular NHL
143
Treatment of Aplastic Anaemia in
< 50yrs
> 50yrs
<50yrs: stem cell transplant
>50yrs: horse anti-thymocyte globulin and ciclosporin
144
Reverses warfarin in emergency
Prothrombin Complex Concentrate
145
Mesangial Cell
Microglia
Kidney macrophage
Brain macrophage
146
Recurrent chickenpox
NK Deficiency
147
Which renal disease causes complement deficiency?
Membranous Glomerulonephritis = nephritic factors attack C3
148
Do not respond to immunisations
Common Variable Immune Deficiency (very low IgG)
149
Side effect of denosumab
Avascular necrosis of jaw
150
BCG vaccine contains this live attenuated organism
Mycobacterium bovis
151
Vaccine given to sero-negative women only
Rubella
152
Steroid used to prevent rejection
Steroid used to treat rejection
Prednisolone
Methylprednisolone
153
HLA associated with dermatitis herpetiformis
HLA-DR3
154
Cell surface marker associated with Reed-Sternberg cells
CD15
155
How does HIV enter CD4?
gp120 binds to CXCR4 on surface of CD4
CCR5 is on surface of macrophages
156
Anti-CCP target what in rheumatoid?
Filaggrin
157
Immunosuppressant used in multi-system vasculitis
Cyclophosphamide
158
Which type of antihistamine used in allergy: H1, 2, 3 or 4?
H1 antagonist
(H2 = gastric mucosa)
159
Initiates Classical Complement
Deficiency associated with SLE
C1q
160
Components of MBL Pathway
C2 and C4 – MBL binds to microbial cell surface carbs, stimulating Classical Pathway
161
Complement Pathway dependent of adaptive immune system
Classical (C1 binds to antibody-antigen complexes)
162
Hereditary Angioedema = deficiency in what?
C1 inhibitor protein –> have low C4 during attacks
163
Positive hydrogen breath test, increased stool osmolality
Lactose Intolerance
164
Immunoglobulin deficiency predisposing towards encapsulated organisms
IgG Deficiency
165
Patient involved in trauma and transfused with O negative blood –> he lost consciousness a few minutes after the transfusion
Splenic Haemorrhage (NOT ABO as O-ve!!)
166
STI that can cross placenta in 3rd trimester
Syphillis
167
Bloody discharge from nipple –> mammogram does not show any lesions
Intraductal Papilloma
168
Thyroid cancer associated with Ret mutation
Medullary
169
Lump containing epithelium cells
Intraductal papilloma
170
Investigation for hypotonia and hypoglycaemia in young child
Ketones
171
Immune cells which migrate to germinal centre
Dendritic cells
172
Blood product to use if you want to avoid allergic reactions
Washed RBCs = most of plasma, platelets and WBCs removed
173
Gram positive showing increased resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin
Enterococcus
174
Infection where baby can be asymptomatic initially, but then get problems
Beta herpesvirus (HHV6/7)
Also toxoplasmosis
Also HIV
175
Organism targeted by vaccine: lockjaw
Clostridium tetani
176
Used to prevent transplant rejection, by blocking T cell proliferation and activation
Anti-CD25 (part of IL-2Rα) = basiliximab
177
Breast cancer which has a high, medium and low stage to it.
Ductal carcinoma in situ
178
Best antibody for Sjogren’s
Anti-La (La = “the” best)
179
A Rhesus D negative woman is having a Haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and is CMV IgG negative. What is the most important thing to ensure in the transplant?
CMV IgG negative
180
Man has just been started on allopurinol and now has ulcers of mucus membranes
SJS
181
Bowel polyps not associated with increased cancer risk
Hamartomatous
182
Optic nerve tumour excised and now lump on hand
Neurofibromatosis 1 (lump = neurofibroma)
183
Travel vaccine not given to someone with ank spond on anti-TNF
Yellow fever
184
What is in RIAMET/ACT
Arthether+lumenfantrine
185
Stain for thick and thin blood films
Fields and giemsa
186
First line investigation for malaria
Rapid diagnostic test
187
First line investigaton for dengue
PCR in first 7 days
Then do serology
188
Which vaccins should HIV patient avoid
BCG
Yellow fever
189
Maangement of severe leptospirosis
IV ceftriaxone
190
Life cycle of taenia
Humans bowel
Faeces to vegetation
Muscle of cows or pig
Humans eat meat
191
Definitive host of hydatid
Canines
192
Management of all just worms in hydatid and taenia
Praziquantel
193
Management of cysts in echinococcus and taenia
Echinococcus- surgery, albendazole and praziquantel
Cystericosis- steroids, albendazole and praziquantel
194
Diagnosing cestodes infections
Serology
195
Life cycle of schistosomiasis
Invade human skin in infected water
Enter veins
Secreted in urine and stool
Infect snails
196
What organs does schistosomiasis really damage
Bladder
Bowel
Retrograde travel= to liver
197
Management of schistosomiasis
Praziquantel
198
How investigate schisto
Urine and stool microscopy
Serology
199
What is the only helminth capable of autoinfection
Strongyloides
Larvase invades skin
Grows in bowel
Larvae in stool can reinfect
200
Treatment of strongyloides
Ivermectin
201
Animal vector for filariasis
Balckflies and mosquitoes
202
What worm causes elephantiasis
Filariasis
203
What worm causes pill shaped larvae by skin which look like maggots
Myiasis
Remove by asphyxiating and surgery
204
What are the flukes
Trematodes- schistosomiasis
205
What are the roundworms
Nematodes
- strongyloides
- ascaris
- filariasis
206
What parasite causes disease through intestinal obstruction
Ascaris
207
What is equation for sensitivity
About number of positive
True positive/disease present
208
What is equation for specificty
About number of negatives
True negative/disease absent
209
What is equation for positive predictive value
True positive/ total positive
210
What is equation for negative predictive value
True negative/ total negative
211
PKU
- enzyme deficient
- what measure
- management
- phenylalanine hydroxylase which breaks down tyrosine
- on guthrie is blood phenylalanine, can also measure phenylacetic acid in urine or phenylpyruvate in blood
- PKU formula containing lots of protein which arent phenylalanine
212
Cystic fibrosis what measure
Immune reactive trypsin
If over 99.5th centile on 3 blood spots do DNA analysis
213
How is phenylalanine measured
Mass spectrometry
214
What is measured in MCADD
Acylcarnitine using mass spec
215
Presentation of homocysteinuria
Lens dislocation
Mental retardation
VTE
Brittle hair
216
Inheritance of urea cycle disorders
Autosomal recessive except ornithine transcarbamylase which X-linked
217
Presentation of urea cycle disorder
Vomiting without diarrhoea
Resp alkalosis
Hyperammonaemia- Neurological enceph
Avoidance in diet
218
Hyperammonaemia with metabolic acidosis not caused by lactate
Organic acidurias
219
What causes cheesy or sweaty smelling urine
Isovalaeric acidaemia
220
Organic aciduria presentation
Unusual odour
Truncal hypotonia with limb hypertonia
Mycoclonus
Or reye syndrome with vomiting and resp, neuro sx depression
221
What is galactossaemia
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl deficinecy leads to deposition of gal-1-phosphatase in kidney and liver
Presents with conj bilirubinaemia, hypoglycaemia and hepatomegaly
222
What measure in galactossaemia
Urine reducing agents
Red cell gal-1-put
223
How does glycogen storage disorders present
Hepatomegaly
Nephromegaly
Neutropenia
224
What are the 3 mitochondrial disorders
Birth Barth (cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, myopathy)
5-15 MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acids and stroke-like episodes)
12-30 Kearns-Sayre (Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinopathy, deafness, ataxia)
225
What are peroxisomal disorders
Metabolism of very long chain fatty acids and biosynthesis of complex phospholipids
Investigation is very long chain fatty acid profile
226
Presentation of peroxisomal disorders
Severe muscular hypotonia
Seizures
Dysmorphic signs
Hepatic dysfunction- mixed hyperbilirubinaemia
Bone changes
Early blindness and sensorineural deafness
227
Tay sachs/lysoosmal storage disorders
Intraorganelle substrate accumulation leading to organomegaly
Measure Urine mucopolysaccharides and/or oligosaccharides
228
What helminth can autoinfect
Strongyloides
