Burns Flashcards
Airway injury
What is the most common airway injury? carbon monoxide poisoning
• Normally, oxygen binds with hemoglobin. Carbon monoxide travels much faster than oxygen…. Therefore, it gets to the hemoglobin first and binds….Can oxygen bind now? No
• Now the client is hypoxic.
•tx: 100% oxygen
• From this information, do you think it would be important to determine if the burn occurred in an open or closed space?
• When you see a client with burns to the neck/face/chest you had better think what? Airway
*What might the physician do prophylactically?
ET tube before the airway starts to swell.
Patho of burns
Increased capillary permeability (from vessel damage) > plasma leaking into tissues. Mostly in the first 24 hours.
Pulse increases because of a FVD. Cardiac output decreases.
Urine output decreases>trying to hold onto fluid or they are not being perfused.
Epinephrine secreted to ^BP, it vasoconstricts and shunts blood to vital organs.
ADH and aldosterone secreted>Retain Na and water with aldosterone and Retain water with ADH. Therefore, the blood volume will go up.
Rule of 9s
Head and neck= 9% Trunk front= 18% Trunk back= 18% Each arm= 9% Each leg=18% Genitals=1%
Parkland formula fluid resuscitation.
(4ml of LR) X (body weight in kg) X (% of TBSA burned) = total fluid requirement for the first 24 hours after burn
1st 8 hours = 1⁄2 of total volume (if you miss 2 hrs, must give over 6 hours)
2nd 8 hours = 1⁄4 of total volume
3rd 8 hours = 1⁄4 of total volume
Burns > 20-25%
. Fluid Replacement:
• One of the most important aspects of burn management is fluid management.
• know what time the burn occurred.
• Why? Fluid therapy (for the first 24 hours) is based on the time the injury occurred , not when the treatment was started.
Common rule: Calculate what is needed for the first 24 hours and give half of the volume calculated during the first 8 hours. This is the parkland Formula.
• If the client is restless it could suggest three problems: inadequate fluid replacement, pain, or hypoxia.
*Nurse’s Priority: hypoxia
• Which of the following would you choose to determine if a client’s fluid volume is adequate? Their weight or their urine output? Urine output.
Emergency management
Burning still continues after flames are gone. Use cool water (not ice) to stop the burning process.
Wrap in a blanket to hole in body heat amd keep out germs.
Remove jewelry because swelling will occur, also metal gets hot. Clothing? Remove non-adherent clothing and cover with a clean dry cloth.
Signs of airway injury: singed hair, soot, coughing, dark secretions, blisters in oral mucosa.
A client’s respirations are shallow. Retain CO2>respiratory acidosis
Albumin med management
You know that albumin holds onto fluid in the vascular space. Vascular volume? Increases Kidney perfusion? Increases BP? Increases Cardiac output? Increases
When you start giving a client albumin, you know that the vascular volume will increase.
Therefore, what will happen to the workload of the heart?
• If you stress the heart TOO MUCH:
The client could be thrown into fluid volume excess.
If this occurs, what will happen to Cardiac Output? Goes down
Lung sounds? Wet
In a client who is receiving fluids rapidly, what is a measurement you could take hourly (hint: heart) to ensure you’re not overloading the client? CVP r/atrial pressure.
Pain management
- Give the least amount of narcotics necessary to relieve someone’s pain. Count respirations.
- Why are IV pain meds preferred over IM with burns? Act quickly, adequate perfusion. Is not there.
Immunizations
1) Tetanus Toxoid: (active immunity)
* takes 2-4 weeks to develop their own immunity
2) Immune globulin: think immediate protection (passive immunity)
Give if they are uncertain of tetanus status or in more than 10 yrs
Circulatory complications
A client has a circumferential burn on their arm which goes all the way around.
What should you be checking? Circulation.
• If a client’s vascular check in their arm is bad what is the name of the procedure to relieve pressure?
Escharotomy- relieves the pressure and restores the circulation, cut through the eschar.
Fasciotomy- relieves the pressure and restores the circulation, but the cut is much deeper into the tissue, cut goes through the eschar and the fascia.
Check pulse, cap refill, skin color, skin temperature.
Renal complications.
A Foley catheter is inserted so you can measure urine output hourly.
Is it possible that when you insert the catheter that no urine will return. Yes
Why? Kidneys are either attempting to hold the fluid or they are not being perfused adequately.
What would you do if the urine is brown or red? Call the doc. It is normal because myoglobin is released from muscle and cell damage but could lead to renal failure.
What drug might be ordered to flush out the kidneys? Mannitol. Helps save kidneys, but need to increase fluids.
If there is no urine output or if it is less than 30mL/hour, you start worrying about? Renal failure.
After 48 hours, the client will begin to diurese. Why? Because fluid is going back into the vascular space. Now we have to worry about fluid volume excess.
So what will happen to urine output now? Increases.
Electrolyte balance
The client’s serum K+ level is 5.8
Where do we find most of our K+? inside the cell
• With a burn, what happens to cells? Rupture, releasing K+
• So, what happens to the number of K+ ions in the serum (vascular space)? Increase.
Hyperkalemia
GI complications
Why do you think Carbonate/Magnesium Carbonate (Mylanta®), Pantoprazole (Protonix®), or Famotidine (Pepcid®) are ordered?
To prevent a stress/kerlings ulcer.
Antacids: Aluminum Hydroxide Gel (Amphogel®), Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of Magnesium®)
H2 Antagonist: Ranitidine (Zantac®), Famotidine (Pepcid®), Nizatidine (Axid®) Proton Pump Inhibitors: Pantoprazole (Protonix®), Esomeprazole (Nexium®)
Why do you think the physician wants the client to be NPO and have an NG tube hooked to suction?
Because they could develop a paralytic ileus
Why?
• Decreased vascular volume
• Decreased GI motility • Hyperkalemia
If a client doesn’t have bowel sounds, what will happen to abdominal girth-increase.
• Do you think the client will need more or less calories? More cuz they are in a hypermetabolic state. Need protein and vitamin C
• The NG tube will be removed when you hear bowel sounds
• When you start GI feedings, what should you measure to ensure that the supplement is moving through the GI tract? Gastric residuals. Hold feeding if residual is >50ml
• What is some lab work you could check to ensure proper nutrition and a positive nitrogen balance? Pre albumin (most sensitive), total protein, or albumin.
Integumentary complications
Contractures
Contractures:
Since the client has partial thickness and full-thickness burns, they could have problems with contractures?
If they have burns on their hands, what are some specific measures that may be taken?
Wrap each finger separately.
Use splints to prevent contractures. Hyperextend the neck, head is back
No pillows,
Classifications of burns
Superficial thickness: formally called first degree burn; damage only to epidermis
Partial thickness: formally called second degree burn; damage to entire epidermis and varying depths of the dermis.
Full-thickness: formally called third degree burn; damage to entire dermis and sometimes fat
