bullying

Question 1

who proposed a definition for bullying?

Answer 1

Whitney, Smith and Sharp, 1993

Question 2

what recent study looked at the prevelance of bullying, what did it find

Answer 2

ONS 2023
-no significant difference in girls vs boys experiencing bullying
-prevelance of girls experiencing online bullying higher than boys
-in person bullying= 34.9%, online= 19.1%
-patterns changed over time= eg) more cyberbullying, less social exclusion

Question 3

who suggested poor theory of mind= bullying

Answer 3

those doing the bullying are deficient in understanding others’ mental states (Cole and Dodge, 1998)

Question 4

who suggested hostile attribution bias

Answer 4

hostile attribution bias affects encoding and interpretation- deficiency in social cognition can mean people are more likely to interpret ambiguous behaviours as hostile or intentional even if they’re not (Birch and Frederickson, 2015)

Question 5

who suggested healthy content paradox?

Answer 5

victims in healthier classroom environments with less bullying, actually feel more targeted and are more affected by bullying, hostile attribution bias was higher- tendency to interpret others behaviour as more deliberately hostile, this assessed through questionnaire and self-report- further studies would benefit using a longitudinal design liu et al 2021

Question 6

when does tom develop and what it is

Answer 6

3, ability to understand what others think premack and woodruff 1978

Question 7

when do deficits of TOM= bullying

Answer 7

evidence of deficits of theory of mind, longitudinal twin study assessed 12-year-olds on levels of bullying, poor theory of mind predicted becoming a victim or bully in early adolescence (Shakoor et al, 2012)
theory of mind assessed at 5 years old, bullying behaviours asssessed at 12 years old using mothers teachers and childrens reports

Question 8

when do strengths in tom= bullying

Answer 8

some theory of mind investigations indicate that bullies may in fact have greater socio-cognitive reasoning skills, and it may actually be the victims who are deficient in such skills= traditionally bullies were thought to lack empathy however they may actually have high theory of mind skills and use this to manipulate others- it may actually be the victims who suffer- more vulnerable to not recognising manipulative behaviour (Sutton et al, 1999)

Question 9

who looked at TOM over time

Answer 9

Zhou 2024
-study assessing the relationship of theory of mind and physical bullying behaviour in young children- 4 to 6 years old, and looks at the mediating role of peer rejection and gender differences
-found that children with lower theory of mind more likely to engage in physical bullying
-aligns with social skills deficit perspective- Crick and Dodge, 1994- children with poo social understanding often misinterpret others intentions in peer interactions
-link changes with age- older children with advanced theory of mind may engage in relational bullying- exploit their understanding of others psychological states
-peer rejection= key mediator= preschoolers with lower TOM are less skilled at understanding others needs-their behaviours alienate peers- social rejection increases the likelihood of them resorting to bullying
-this study focused on physical bullying- should also look more into verbal and relationsal, also cross sectional- should make longitudinal and incorporate multiple perspectives eg) parents and teachers, to improve the accuracy of bullying assessments

Question 10

who investigated modelling slt?

Answer 10

bandura 1977

Question 11

who investigated how household conflict impacts bullying

Answer 11

kolk 2017
Kolk, 2017= exposure to household conflict impairs childrens ability to develop pro social conflict resolution tactics- increases the risk of bullying behaviours

Household dysfunction was assessed through a list of stressful events that were reported by the child at the age of 10 years and to which the child was asked to answer if it has ever occurred

Bullying behavior was self-reported and assessed through the Bully Scale Survey , indicate the frequency of involvement

over 5000 children

Question 12

what is homophily

Answer 12

tendency of people to associate and form connections with others who are similar to themselves

Question 13

what is dominance theory

Answer 13

dominance theory= certain groups of higher status, social stratification
SIDANIUS 2012

Question 14

who investigated bullying peer groups

Answer 14

-O Connell et al, 1990
-peers involved in 85% of playground bullying
-54% of time reinforced bullying by passively watching, 21% of time spent actively supporting bullies, 25% of time spent intervening on behalf of victims

Question 15

what is the bystander effect

Answer 15

-person who does not actively get involved in a situation where another individual requires help
-number of bystanders increases= likelihood that someone will intervene decreases= diffusion of responsibility
-an audience provides positive reinforcement

Question 16

who investigated bystander effect using VR

Answer 16

Rovira and Slater, 2022

45 participants- 3 groups, no reinforcement, medium reinforcement, full reinforecement

virtual human character attacked by another with aggression escalting over time- scence at football club

had the option to intervene or remain passive. The study found that the greater the use of reinforcement learning (RL) to adapt the virtual environment, the more likely participants were to intervene and help the victim.

Question 17

who proposed wider systems theory

Answer 17

bronfenbrenner 1979
individual child, microsystem eg parents siblings
macrosystem= laws history

Question 18

who proposed male retention strategies

Answer 18

wilson and daly 1998
including direct guarding where the male demands to know who his partner is with, and negative inducements where threats are used to reduce the likelihood of cheating behaviours

it highlights sex differences in bullying behaviours, as boys engage more in physical bullying (linked to direct competition and dominance), whereas girls may use relational aggression to control social networks

Question 19

how does diatheses stress impact bullying

Answer 19

some children more vulnerable to effects of victimisation than others

Question 20

twin study for genetics bullying

Answer 20

twin study using over 1000 twin children, Ball found that genetics are the most crucial factor in determining whether a child becomes a bully or a victim- accounting for 73% of the variation in victimisation and 61% of the variation in bullying (Ball et al, 2008

Question 21

gene study bullying

Answer 21

Sugden studied over 2000 British children, looking at the link between bullying, emotional problems, and the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTT, which is associatedwhat with variations in cortisol response to psychosocial challenges (Sugden et al, 2010). Variations in the 5-HTT gene were found to increase the risk of developing emotional problems by age 12 and played a role in how children reacted to stressors such as bullying. Genetic susceptibility was most pronounced in children who are frequently bullied, highlighting a gene environment interaction

Question 22

what did good childhood report find out about bullying

Answer 22

The Good Childhood report surveyed happiness levels in 10-12 year olds across 15 different countries, and found that children in England were amongst the unhappiest, with a third being physically bullied in the past month, and half feeling excluded (Good Childhood Report, 2015). These

Question 23

what did pisa report find out about bullying

Answer 23

The PISA report added a survey of student’s bullying experiences for the first time in 2015, and looked at what factors affected bullying, such as gender, family economic status, school location etc. The report showed that boys suffer from a greater degree of school bullying than girls, and important risk factors include students who have repeated grades, are truant, and are late for class (Wang and Chen, 2023).
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