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Week 3 Class > Building Construction > Flashcards

Building Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Occupancy

A
  • How bulding is used

- Firefighter can predict who is inside based on occupancy classification

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2
Q

Content

A

-Some buildings contain things that may be noncombustible, while others contain things that may be very combustible

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3
Q

Combustibility

A

-Whether or not a material will burn

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4
Q

Thermal Conductivity

A

-Descirbes how well a material will conduct heat

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5
Q

Thermal Expansion When Heated

A

-Some materials expand when heated

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6
Q

Steel Thermal Expansion

A
  • 1” per 10’ at 1,000 degrees F

- 50’ section may elongate 4” at 1,000 degrees F

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7
Q

Masonry

A
  • Stone, concrete blocks, brick
  • Inherently fire resistive
  • Poor conductor of heat, often used for fire wall
  • Deteriorates when exposed to fire over time, can collapse
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8
Q

Concrete

A
  • Naturally fire resistive
  • Strong under compression
  • Weak under tension
  • Steel rods used to strengthen under tension, concrete acts as insulator for steel
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9
Q

Spalling

A

-Steam expanding in concrete because of heat that causes sections to break off

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10
Q

Steel

A
  • Strongest common building material
  • Can rust
  • Conducts heat well, masonry, concrete, or gypsum often used to insulate from fire
  • Bending, sagging, or stretching are considered warning of immediate risk of failure
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11
Q

Aluminum

A

-Used for siding, window frames, door frames, roof panels

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12
Q

Copper

A
  • Electrical wiring

- Piping

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13
Q

Zinc

A

-Coating to protect metals from rust/corrosion

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14
Q

Glass

A
  • Non-combustible but not fire resistive

- Ordinary glass will break when exposed to fire

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15
Q

Tempered Glass

A
  • Stronger than ordinary glass

- Shatters into small pieces without sharp edges

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16
Q

Laminated Glass

A
  • Thin sheet of plastic placed between two sheets of glass

- Likely to crack and remain in place when exposed to fire

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17
Q

Glass Blocks

A
  • Limited strength, not load bearing
  • Can usually withstand a fire
  • Some approved for use with fire rated masonry walls
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18
Q

Wired Glass

A
  • Tempered glass with reinforcing mesh wire
  • Wire holds glass together under heat
  • Often used in fire doors and windows
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19
Q

Gypsum

A
  • Calcium sulfate and water molecules

- Good insulator, non-combustible

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20
Q

Gypsum Board

A
  • Large sheets of compacted gypsum sandwiched between two layers of paper
  • Limited combustibility
  • Often used to create firestop
  • Will fail over time
  • If exposed directly to fire, should be replaced
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21
Q

Wood

A
  • Most commonly used building material

- Fire retardant chemicals weaken wood

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22
Q

Laminated Wood

A
  • Individual pieces of wood glued together

- Produces beams longer and stronger than solid lumber and makes curved beams

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23
Q

Wood Panels

A
  • Thin sheets of wood glued together

- Plywood is most common type

24
Q

Wooden Trusses

A

-Pieces of wood or wood/metal combinations used to support floors and roofs

25
Q

Wooden Beams

A
  • Efficient load-bearing members

- Wooden I-beam or box beam supports same load that solid wood beam could support

26
Q

Fire-Retardant Wood

A
  • Converts chemicals to h2o and carbon dioxide making a carbon char which insulates wood from fire
  • Can reduce strength of the wood
27
Q

Plastics

A
  • Rarely used for structural supports
  • Combustibility varies greatly
  • Produce heavy, dense, dark smoke and toxic gases
  • Most plastics made from petroleum products
28
Q

Thermoplastic

A

-Melts/drips

29
Q

Thermoset

A

-Loses strength but does not drip

30
Q

Balloon-Frame Construction

A
  • Popular between 1800’s-1940’s
  • Continuous void spaces
  • Prone to 90 degree collapse
31
Q

Platform-Frame Construction

A
  • Almost all modern wood-frame construction
  • No continuous void spaces
  • Exterior wall studs not continuous
32
Q

Foundation

A
  • Transfers weight of building/contents to the ground
  • Ensures base of building planted firmly
  • Usually concrete or masonry
  • Most foundation problems not caused by fire
33
Q

Dead Load

A

-Weight of building

34
Q

Live Load

A

-Weight of contents

35
Q

Fire-Resistive Floors

A
  • Prevent fire from spreading vertically
  • Concrete common in fire-resistive construction
  • Fire can still spread quickly horizontally
36
Q

Wood-Supported Floors

A
  • Heavy timber can provide huge fuel load, but can also withstand fire for extended time without collapsing
  • Conventional wood flooring can burn through in as little as 20 minutes
37
Q

Pitched Roof

A
  • Sloping or inclined
  • Gabel, hip, mansard, and lean-to
  • Usually supported by rafters or trusses
38
Q

Rafters

A

-Solid wood joists mounted in an inclined position

39
Q

Curved Roofs

A
  • Buildings that require large, open interiors

- Supported by steel or wood bowstring trusses or arches

40
Q

Flat Roofs

A
  • Slightly sloped for drainage
  • Wood support structure uses solid wood beams and joists
  • Lightweight construction uses wood trusses or wood I-beams
  • Usually covered in highly combustible materials
41
Q

Truss

A
  • Prefabricated wood/steel structural component composed of smaller components in a triangular configuration
  • Parallel Chord Truss: Flat roof or floors
  • Pitched Chord Truss: Sloping/pitched roof
  • Bowstring Truss: Curved Roof
42
Q

Load-Bearing Walls

A
  • Provide structural support
  • Supports both dead load and live load, transmitting loads to foundation
  • Damaging or removing can cause collapse
  • Exterior or interior
43
Q

Nonbearing Walls

A
  • Support only their own weight

- Can be breached or removed without compromising structure

44
Q

Party Walls

A
  • Shared line between two properties
  • Almost always load bearing
  • Often a firewall
45
Q

Fire Partitions

A

-Interior walls extending from a floor to the underside of the floor above

46
Q

Fire Enclosures

A

-Fire rated assemblies that enclose interior vertical openings, e.g. stairwells, elevator shafts

47
Q

Curtain Walls

A

-Nonbearing exterior walls attached to the outside of a building.

48
Q

Doors

A
  • Entry/Exit, can be light/ventilation
  • Most wood or metal
  • Fire can usually burn through hollow core in a few minutes
  • Metal doors more durable, fire resistant
49
Q

Windows

A

-Light/ventilation, can be entry/exit

50
Q

NFPA 80

A

-Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives

51
Q

NFPA 80 Designations for Fire Doors and Other Protective Openings

A

Class A: Openings in fire walls and in walls that divide a single building into fire areas
Class B: Openings in enclosures of vertical communications through buildings and in 2-hour-rated partitions providing horizontal fire separations
Class C: Openings in walls or partitions between rooms and corridors having a fire-resistance rating of 1 hour or less
Class D: Openings in exterior walls subject to severe fire exposure from outside the building
Class E: Openings in exterior walls subject to moderate or light fire exposure from outside the building

52
Q

Manufactured Housing

A
  • Lightweight building components
  • Most parts combustible
  • Death rate 3x higher than other single-family homes
53
Q

Buildings Under Construction

A

-Particularly dangerous due to the fact that their fire prevention may not be in place.

54
Q

Axial Load

A

-Straight Down The Middle

55
Q

Eccentric Load

A

-Down and off to the side

56
Q

Torsional Load

A

-Twisting

Week 3 Class (8 decks)

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