Bugs- Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
Which viruses are in the paramyxovirus family?
A
Parainfluenza
RSV
Measles, Mumps
2
Q
Macrolides
A
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
3
Q
Resevoir for bacteriodes
A
Human colon
4
Q
Mechanism of action of influenza virus
A
Hemagglutinin (binds sialic acid and promotes viral entry)
Neuraminidase antigens (promotes progeny virion release)
5
Q
Pseudomembranous phayngitis with lumphadenopathy, myocarditis, and arrythmias
A
C. Dip
6
Q
Cell wall lacks muramic acid
A
Chlamydia
7
Q
Cannot make ATP
A
Chlamydia
8
Q
Macrolides mechanism
A
Inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocaton; bind to the 23 rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit
9
Q
How is an infection with m.avium intracellulare treated?
A
Macrolide plus ethambutol
10
Q
Gram -
Coccobacillis
A
H. influenza
Bordetella pertussis
Pasteurella
Brucella
Francisella tularensis
11
Q
How is H. influenza cultured?
A
On chocolate agar, which contains factors V (NAD+) and X(hematin) for growth
Can also grow with S.aureus
12
Q
Macrolides
A
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
13
Q
Why is brodetella often mistaken for a viral infection?
A
Due to lymphocytic infiltrate resulting from immune response
14
Q
Gram positive rods with metachromatic granules
A
Cornebacterium diphtheriae
15
Q
Which DNA viruses are enveloped?
A
Herpresviruses
Poxvuris
Hepadnavirus
16
Q
Another name for croup
A
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis
17
Q
Obligate intracellular bacterium
A
Chlamydia
Rickettsiacae
18
Q
Mechanism of resistance to macrolides
A
Methylation of 3S rRNA-binding site prevents binding of drug
19
Q
Large, boxcar-like, gram positive, spore forming rods
A
B. anthracis
20
Q
What are the three clinical stages of Bordetella?
A
- Catarrhal- low grade fevers, Coryza (inflammation of nose)
- Paroxysmal- paroxysms of intense cough followed by inspiratory whoop, posttussive vomiting
- Convalescent- gradual recovery of chronic cough
21
Q
Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas
A
- Endotoxin : inflammation in tissues
- Exotoxin A ADP: Riboxylation of eEF-2, inhibiting protein synthesis
- Capsule/slime layer: Formation of pulmonary microcolonies; difficult to remove by phagocytosus
22
Q
How is TB treated?
A
Prophalaxis: Isoniazid
6-9 months: Rifampin, isoniazid, Prazinamide, Ethambutol
23
Q
True or False. All negative-stranded RNA viruses are enveloped
A
True
24
Q
__________ prevents pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants.
A
Palivizumab
25
Mechanism of action of palivizumab
Monoclonal antibody against F protein
26
What ion is low in legionnaire's disease?
Sodium, leading to hyponatremia
27
Naked positive stranded RNA viruses
Calcivirus
Hepevirus
Picornavirus
28
* Patient with acute respiratory distress
* Travel to Far East or Toronto
* Winter/spring peak incidence
SARS-CoV
\*Coronaviridae
29
Treatment for Bordetella
Macrolides
TMP--SMX, if allergic to macrolides
30
Aerobic, motile, catalase +, gram - rod, oxidase +
Pseudomonas
31
Gram positive, a-hemolytic, lancet-shaped diplococci, optochin sensitive
Strep pneumonia
32
How should bacteriodes be treated?
Metronidazole
Clindamycin
Cefoxitin
33
What type of virus is the influenza virus?
Family: orthomyxoviruses
ssRNA, negative sense, 8 segments
Enveloped
Helical
34
Makes limited ATP
Rickettsiaceae
35
What type of virus is adenovirus?
dsDNA and linear
No envelope
36
What are the symptoms of adenovirus?
* febrile pharyngitis- sore throat
* Acute hemorrhagic cystitis
* Pneumonia
* Conjunctivitis
* Gastroenteritis
* Myocarditis
37
Where does the orthomyxovirus replicate?
Nucleus and cytoplasm
38
Treatment for B. anthracis
Fluroquinolone (Ciprofloxacin)
Doxycycline
39
True or false. All negative-stranded RNA viruses are linear/
false
\*They're all helical
40
How is nocardia treated?
Sulfonamide
TRP-SMX
41
Does Rhinovirus infect the GI tract?
No. It is acid labile (destroyed by stomach acid)
42
What cells does b.pertussis attach to?
Nasopharyngeal ciliated epithelial cells
\*Toxin damages respiratory epithelium
43
Mechanism of action of macrolides
Binds 50 S subunit and inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation
44
Cavity bronchopulmonary disease. Cause? Symptoms?
* `Nocardia
* Cough, fever, dyspnea, localized or diffuse oneumonia with cavitation
45
Bordettela virulence factors
Pertussis toxin disables Gi
Adenylate cyclase toxin increases cAMP
Tracheal cytotoxin
46
How is C. Diph treated?
Erythromycin and antitoxin
47
Why is Klebsiella difficult to treat?
Frequent abscesses
48
Gram -, aerobic coccobacillus
Bordetella pertussis
49
Mechanism of action of tetracyclines
Bacteriostatic; bind to 30S subunit and prevent attachement of aminoacyl-tRNA
50
What type of viruses are paramyxoviruses?
ssRNA, negative sense, linear, helical
Nonsegmented
Enveloped
51
Mechanism of resistance to tetracyclines
* Decrease in uptake or increase in efflux out of bacterial cells by plasmid-encoded transport pumps
52
How is H. influenzae diagnosed?
* Blod or CSF culture on chocholate agar
* PCR
* Antigen detection of capsule (latex particle agglutination)
53
How is RSV diagnosed?
* Indirect fluorescent antibody
* ELISA
* RT-PCR
54
Pathogenesis of Bacteriodes
Modified LPS (missing heptose and 2-keto-deoxyoctonate) has reduced endotoxin activity
Capsule is antiphagocytic
55
Pontiac fever
Mild flu-like symptoms
Cuased by legionella
56
Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin
Neomycin
Amikacin
Tobramycin
Streptomycin
57
Which RNA viruses are not enveloped?
Reoviruses
Picornavirus
Hepevirus
Calicivirus
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ strains of H. influenza are most common causes of mucosal infections as well as invasive infections.
Nontypeable
59
Pathogenesis of B. anthracis
Anthrax toxin
* Protective antigen (B compenent)- mediates entry of LF or EF into eukaryotic cells
* Lethal factor- kills cells
* Edema factor- adenylate cyclase
60
How is parainfluenza virus diagnosed?
RT-PCR
61
What type of virus is papillomavirus?
dsDNA, circular
No envelope
62
Gram postive, aerobic, non-spore forming rods
C. Diphtheria
63
How is legionella detected?
Presence of antigen in urine
Labs may show hyponatremia
64
Narrowing of uper trachea and subglottis leads to characteristic steeple sign on x-ray
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
65
Salmon-colored sputum
S. Aureus
66
Legionnaires' disease
Severe pneumonia (often unilateral and lobar), fever, GI and CNS symptoms.
Common in smokers and in chronic lung disease
67
Adverse affects of macrolides
* GI motility issues
* Arrhythmia caused by prolonged QT interval
* Acute cholestatic hepatitis
* Rash
* Eosinophilia
* Increases serum concentration of theophylline, oral anticoagulants
* Clarithromycin and erythromycin inhibit cytochrome P-450
68
Segmented viruses
Bunyaviruses
Orthomyxovirus
Arenavirus
Reovirus
69
Tetracyclines should not be taken with...
Milk, antacids, or iron-containing preparations becuase divalent cations inhibit drugs' absorption in gut
70
Only live, non attenuated vaccine
Adenovirus
* Military recruits
* Enterocoated capsule
* Protects entire mucosa
71
C. Diph toxin-producing strains have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
B-prophage
72
What type of virus is rhinovirus?
Family: Picornovirus
ssRNA, positive sense, no envelope
73
Severe croup can rsult in ____________ secondary to upper airway obstruction.
Pulsus paradoxus
74
Gram positive filamentous bacilli, aerobic, partially acid fast
Nocardia
75
Mechanism of action of paramyxovirus?
F (fusion) protein, causes respiratory epithelial cells o fuse and form multinucleated cells
76
Mechanisms of aminoglycosides
* Bactericidal; irreversible inibition of initiation complex through binding to the 30S subunit
* Also blocks translocation
* Ineffective against anaerobes
77
Steeple sign
Parainfluenza
78
What bugs are most likely to cause a superinfection with the influenza virus?
S.aureua, S. pneumonia, and H. influenza
79
Vaccine for H. influenza
Vaccine contains type b capsular polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid or other protein. Given between 2 and 18 months of age
80
Pulmonary symptoms of B. antracis
* Life-threatening pneumonia
* Cough, fever, malaise, and ultimately facial edema
* Dyspnea, diaphoresis, cyanosis, and shock with mediastinal hemorrhagic lymphadenitis
81
Pathogenesis of group A Strep
* M protein
* Hyaluronic acid: Non-immunogenic
* Streptolysin O: immunogenic, hemolysin/cytolysin
82
How is Bacterioides transmited?
Endogenous from bowel defects, surgery, or trauma
83
Gram positive
Coagulase positive
B-hemolytic
Cocci in clusters
S. Auerus
84
Vaccines for S. Pneumoniae
Pediatric
* 13 serotypes; Conjugated to diptheria toxoid
* 23 serotypes; polysaccharide
85
Mycobacteria tuberculosis Mechanism
Cord factor creates a "serpentine cord" appearance in virulent M. tuberculosis strains; activates macrophages and induces release of TNF-a. Sulfatides (surface glycoproteins) inhibit phagolysosomal fusion.
86
Adverse efects of teracycline
* GI distress
* Discoloration of teeth and inhibition of bone growth in children
* Photosensitivity
\*Contrindicated in pregnancy
87
Route of transmission for CMV
Congenital, transfusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplant
88
Most important virulence factor for H. Influenzae
Polysaccharide capsule (type b capsule is polyribitol phosphate
