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Bugs- Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Which viruses are in the paramyxovirus family?

A

Parainfluenza

RSV

Measles, Mumps

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2
Q

Macrolides

A

Azithromycin

Clarithromycin

Erythromycin

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3
Q

Resevoir for bacteriodes

A

Human colon

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4
Q

Mechanism of action of influenza virus

A

Hemagglutinin (binds sialic acid and promotes viral entry)

Neuraminidase antigens (promotes progeny virion release)

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5
Q

Pseudomembranous phayngitis with lumphadenopathy, myocarditis, and arrythmias

A

C. Dip

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6
Q

Cell wall lacks muramic acid

A

Chlamydia

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7
Q

Cannot make ATP

A

Chlamydia

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8
Q

Macrolides mechanism

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocaton; bind to the 23 rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit

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9
Q

How is an infection with m.avium intracellulare treated?

A

Macrolide plus ethambutol

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10
Q

Gram -

Coccobacillis

A

H. influenza

Bordetella pertussis

Pasteurella

Brucella

Francisella tularensis

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11
Q

How is H. influenza cultured?

A

On chocolate agar, which contains factors V (NAD+) and X(hematin) for growth

Can also grow with S.aureus

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12
Q

Macrolides

A

Azithromycin

Clarithromycin

Erythromycin

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13
Q

Why is brodetella often mistaken for a viral infection?

A

Due to lymphocytic infiltrate resulting from immune response

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14
Q

Gram positive rods with metachromatic granules

A

Cornebacterium diphtheriae

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15
Q

Which DNA viruses are enveloped?

A

Herpresviruses

Poxvuris

Hepadnavirus

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16
Q

Another name for croup

A

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis

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17
Q

Obligate intracellular bacterium

A

Chlamydia

Rickettsiacae

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18
Q

Mechanism of resistance to macrolides

A

Methylation of 3S rRNA-binding site prevents binding of drug

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19
Q

Large, boxcar-like, gram positive, spore forming rods

A

B. anthracis

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20
Q

What are the three clinical stages of Bordetella?

A
  • Catarrhal- low grade fevers, Coryza (inflammation of nose)
  • Paroxysmal- paroxysms of intense cough followed by inspiratory whoop, posttussive vomiting
  • Convalescent- gradual recovery of chronic cough
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21
Q

Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas

A
  • Endotoxin : inflammation in tissues
  • Exotoxin A ADP: Riboxylation of eEF-2, inhibiting protein synthesis
  • Capsule/slime layer: Formation of pulmonary microcolonies; difficult to remove by phagocytosus
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22
Q

How is TB treated?

A

Prophalaxis: Isoniazid

6-9 months: Rifampin, isoniazid, Prazinamide, Ethambutol

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23
Q

True or False. All negative-stranded RNA viruses are enveloped

A

True

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24
Q

__________ prevents pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants.

A

Palivizumab

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25
Q

Mechanism of action of palivizumab

A

Monoclonal antibody against F protein

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26
Q

What ion is low in legionnaire’s disease?

A

Sodium, leading to hyponatremia

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27
Q

Naked positive stranded RNA viruses

A

Calcivirus

Hepevirus

Picornavirus

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28
Q
  • Patient with acute respiratory distress
  • Travel to Far East or Toronto
  • Winter/spring peak incidence
A

SARS-CoV

*Coronaviridae

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29
Q

Treatment for Bordetella

A

Macrolides

TMP–SMX, if allergic to macrolides

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30
Q

Aerobic, motile, catalase +, gram - rod, oxidase +

A

Pseudomonas

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31
Q

Gram positive, a-hemolytic, lancet-shaped diplococci, optochin sensitive

A

Strep pneumonia

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32
Q

How should bacteriodes be treated?

A

Metronidazole

Clindamycin

Cefoxitin

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33
Q

What type of virus is the influenza virus?

A

Family: orthomyxoviruses

ssRNA, negative sense, 8 segments

Enveloped

Helical

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34
Q

Makes limited ATP

A

Rickettsiaceae

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35
Q

What type of virus is adenovirus?

A

dsDNA and linear

No envelope

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36
Q

What are the symptoms of adenovirus?

A
  • febrile pharyngitis- sore throat
  • Acute hemorrhagic cystitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Myocarditis
37
Q

Where does the orthomyxovirus replicate?

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm

38
Q

Treatment for B. anthracis

A

Fluroquinolone (Ciprofloxacin)

Doxycycline

39
Q

True or false. All negative-stranded RNA viruses are linear/

A

false

*They’re all helical

40
Q

How is nocardia treated?

A

Sulfonamide

TRP-SMX

41
Q

Does Rhinovirus infect the GI tract?

A

No. It is acid labile (destroyed by stomach acid)

42
Q

What cells does b.pertussis attach to?

A

Nasopharyngeal ciliated epithelial cells

*Toxin damages respiratory epithelium

43
Q

Mechanism of action of macrolides

A

Binds 50 S subunit and inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation

44
Q

Cavity bronchopulmonary disease. Cause? Symptoms?

A
  • `Nocardia
  • Cough, fever, dyspnea, localized or diffuse oneumonia with cavitation
45
Q

Bordettela virulence factors

A

Pertussis toxin disables Gi

Adenylate cyclase toxin increases cAMP

Tracheal cytotoxin

46
Q

How is C. Diph treated?

A

Erythromycin and antitoxin

47
Q

Why is Klebsiella difficult to treat?

A

Frequent abscesses

48
Q

Gram -, aerobic coccobacillus

A

Bordetella pertussis

49
Q

Mechanism of action of tetracyclines

A

Bacteriostatic; bind to 30S subunit and prevent attachement of aminoacyl-tRNA

50
Q

What type of viruses are paramyxoviruses?

A

ssRNA, negative sense, linear, helical

Nonsegmented

Enveloped

51
Q

Mechanism of resistance to tetracyclines

A
  • Decrease in uptake or increase in efflux out of bacterial cells by plasmid-encoded transport pumps
52
Q

How is H. influenzae diagnosed?

A
  • Blod or CSF culture on chocholate agar
  • PCR
  • Antigen detection of capsule (latex particle agglutination)
53
Q

How is RSV diagnosed?

A
  • Indirect fluorescent antibody
  • ELISA
  • RT-PCR
54
Q

Pathogenesis of Bacteriodes

A

Modified LPS (missing heptose and 2-keto-deoxyoctonate) has reduced endotoxin activity

Capsule is antiphagocytic

55
Q

Pontiac fever

A

Mild flu-like symptoms

Cuased by legionella

56
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Gentamicin

Neomycin

Amikacin

Tobramycin

Streptomycin

57
Q

Which RNA viruses are not enveloped?

A

Reoviruses

Picornavirus

Hepevirus

Calicivirus

58
Q

_____________ strains of H. influenza are most common causes of mucosal infections as well as invasive infections.

A

Nontypeable

59
Q

Pathogenesis of B. anthracis

A

Anthrax toxin

  • Protective antigen (B compenent)- mediates entry of LF or EF into eukaryotic cells
  • Lethal factor- kills cells
  • Edema factor- adenylate cyclase
60
Q

How is parainfluenza virus diagnosed?

61
Q

What type of virus is papillomavirus?

A

dsDNA, circular

No envelope

62
Q

Gram postive, aerobic, non-spore forming rods

A

C. Diphtheria

63
Q

How is legionella detected?

A

Presence of antigen in urine

Labs may show hyponatremia

64
Q

Narrowing of uper trachea and subglottis leads to characteristic steeple sign on x-ray

A

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)

65
Q

Salmon-colored sputum

66
Q

Legionnaires’ disease

A

Severe pneumonia (often unilateral and lobar), fever, GI and CNS symptoms.

Common in smokers and in chronic lung disease

67
Q

Adverse affects of macrolides

A
  • GI motility issues
  • Arrhythmia caused by prolonged QT interval
  • Acute cholestatic hepatitis
  • Rash
  • Eosinophilia
  • Increases serum concentration of theophylline, oral anticoagulants
    • Clarithromycin and erythromycin inhibit cytochrome P-450
68
Q

Segmented viruses

A

Bunyaviruses

Orthomyxovirus

Arenavirus

Reovirus

69
Q

Tetracyclines should not be taken with…

A

Milk, antacids, or iron-containing preparations becuase divalent cations inhibit drugs’ absorption in gut

70
Q

Only live, non attenuated vaccine

A

Adenovirus

  • Military recruits
  • Enterocoated capsule
  • Protects entire mucosa
71
Q

C. Diph toxin-producing strains have ___________.

A

B-prophage

72
Q

What type of virus is rhinovirus?

A

Family: Picornovirus

ssRNA, positive sense, no envelope

73
Q

Severe croup can rsult in ____________ secondary to upper airway obstruction.

A

Pulsus paradoxus

74
Q

Gram positive filamentous bacilli, aerobic, partially acid fast

75
Q

Mechanism of action of paramyxovirus?

A

F (fusion) protein, causes respiratory epithelial cells o fuse and form multinucleated cells

76
Q

Mechanisms of aminoglycosides

A
  • Bactericidal; irreversible inibition of initiation complex through binding to the 30S subunit
  • Also blocks translocation
  • Ineffective against anaerobes
77
Q

Steeple sign

A

Parainfluenza

78
Q

What bugs are most likely to cause a superinfection with the influenza virus?

A

S.aureua, S. pneumonia, and H. influenza

79
Q

Vaccine for H. influenza

A

Vaccine contains type b capsular polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid or other protein. Given between 2 and 18 months of age

80
Q

Pulmonary symptoms of B. antracis

A
  • Life-threatening pneumonia
  • Cough, fever, malaise, and ultimately facial edema
  • Dyspnea, diaphoresis, cyanosis, and shock with mediastinal hemorrhagic lymphadenitis
81
Q

Pathogenesis of group A Strep

A
  • M protein
  • Hyaluronic acid: Non-immunogenic
  • Streptolysin O: immunogenic, hemolysin/cytolysin
82
Q

How is Bacterioides transmited?

A

Endogenous from bowel defects, surgery, or trauma

83
Q

Gram positive

Coagulase positive

B-hemolytic

Cocci in clusters

84
Q

Vaccines for S. Pneumoniae

A

Pediatric

  • 13 serotypes; Conjugated to diptheria toxoid
  • 23 serotypes; polysaccharide
85
Q

Mycobacteria tuberculosis Mechanism

A

Cord factor creates a “serpentine cord” appearance in virulent M. tuberculosis strains; activates macrophages and induces release of TNF-a. Sulfatides (surface glycoproteins) inhibit phagolysosomal fusion.

86
Q

Adverse efects of teracycline

A
  • GI distress
  • Discoloration of teeth and inhibition of bone growth in children
  • Photosensitivity

*Contrindicated in pregnancy

87
Q

Route of transmission for CMV

A

Congenital, transfusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplant

88
Q

Most important virulence factor for H. Influenzae

A

Polysaccharide capsule (type b capsule is polyribitol phosphate

OS3 (10 decks)

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