BTS Flashcards
Beyond the Syllabus info that expands on core info
Why does the vine produce Sucrose during photosynthesis but convert it to Glucose or Fructose later?
Sucrose is water soluble and complex, thus able to transport through the vine without unintentional interactions. Glucose and Fructose are highly reactive, so it is stored and transported as Sucrose until needed.
What are the three dietary monosaccharides?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose (not found in plants)
What disaccharide is important to plants and what is it made of?
Sucrose, composed of Glucose and Fructose
Why is precipitation measured in meters (millimeters)?
Most modern rain gauges measure the height of precipitation in a container. That value is extrapolated to determine the height of precipitation over a square meter of land.
1 millimeter of precipitation over 1 square meter area = 1 liter of precipitation.
What is the influence of Kimmeridgian and Portlandian Soils on Cru classification in Chablis?
Kimmeridgian soils were long considered the superior soil type and vineyards were classified as Cru based on the presence of Kimmeridgian or Portlandian soils.
Geologists struggled to identify where the Kimmeridgian and Portlandian soils began and ended, so the transition was made to a micro-climate classification and reference to Kimmeridgian soil was dropped from the Chablis classification in 1976.
What is Metamorphic rock?
A rock type made from another rock type (Igneous, Sedimentary, or another older Metamorphic rock) that is exposed to different pressures or temperatures than those in which the original rock was formed. These rocks have drastically different physical and chemical properties from the original rock.
What is Igneous rock?
Rock that is formed from magma or lava. There are two categories.
1) Plutonic (Intrusive): Magma cools and crystallizes slowly within the earth’s crust.
Granite
2) Volcanic (Extrusive): Magma reaches the surface as lava or fragmental ejecta.
Pumice or Basalt
What is Sedimentary rock?
Rock formed at the earth’s surface by the accumulation and cementation of earlier rocks, minerals and organisms. These rocks are formed primarily by gravity and undergo compaction and cementation at moderate temperatures and pressures.
What is Extract?
Everything except water, sugar, alcohol, and acidity that is pulled from the grapes during maceration and/or fermentation
What is the Calvin Cycle?
The sunlight-independent reactions during photosynthesis that use RuBisCO to convert Carbon Dioxide into Sucrose (for export to the vine) and Starch (for the cell) through chemical reactions that rely on ATP and NADPH.
It takes three turns to produce a free glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and six turns to create one Sucrose molecule.
The byproducts of this process are adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and oxidized NADP+ which are returned to the photosynthetic cycle to bind with Phosphorous (P) and Hydrogen (H), respectively.
What are ATP and NADPH?
Chemicals used by the plant in sunlight-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) as catalysts to create Sucrose and Starch.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used for phosphorylation in the reduction and regeneration phases of the Calvin cycle
Nicotinamide actinine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is used in the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle. It imparts a Hydrogen atom before being cycled back to the light-dependent reactions as NADP+.
What is RuBisCO?
Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
An enzyme responsible for carbon fixation in the first stage of the Calvin Cycle. It binds ribulose-1,5-biphosphate to carbon dioxide.
What is G3P?
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
A product of the Calvin Cycle. Three turns of the Calvin Cycle create one G3P.
Two G3P molecules are bound to produce Sucrose.
What are the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
Energy from sunlight enables chlorophyll pigments to pass electrons through a complex transfer system to create adenosene triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).
NADP+ undergoes a redox reaction with water to produce NADPH with an oxygen (O2) byproduct.
What are the stages of the Calvin Cycle?
Carbon Fixation
(RuBisCo enzyme binds Carbon Dioxide to Ribulose 1,5 Biphosphate to create two 3-phosphoglycerate)
Reduction
(3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylized by ATP to create 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which is then reduced by NADPH to produce G3P. This happens twice due to creation of two 3-phosphoglycerate.)
Regeneration
(After three “turns” of the Carbon Fixation and Reduction phases, five G3P are used to regenerate Ribulose 1,5 Biphosphate. One G3P is left over)
