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BSO6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which lobes make up the cerebral cortex/brain?

A

Cerebrum (majority)
Brainstem
Cerebellum

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2
Q

What divides the cerebrum? And what are the two hemophears connected by?

A

Longitudinal fissure

Corpus Callosum

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3
Q

What are the functions of the Cerebrum?

A

Memory, cognition, language, thought, judgement, reasoning, problem solving, attention, consciousness, hearing, vision, motor, touch

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4
Q

What is the cerebrum made of and what is it known as?

A

Outer grey matter layer
Cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Frontal lobe - features, boundaries, functions

A

Largest lobe
Boundaries:
- central sulcus (frontal & parietal)
- lateral sulcus (frontal & temporal)
Action (mental & physical):
Planning, problem solving, motivation, judgment, decision making, impulse control, social behaviour, personality, memory, learning, reward, attention
Skeletal muscle movement, ocular movement, speech control, facial movement

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6
Q

what does the CNS begin as and when is it formed by?

A

neural tube and formed by week 4

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7
Q

which germ layer does the neural tube develop from?

A

Ectoderm

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8
Q

How many expansions (vesicles) develop in the neural tube?

A

three
Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain

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9
Q

what is included in the forebrain?

A

cerebral cortex (telencephalon), diencephalon

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10
Q

what is the midbrain also known as?

A

mesencephalon

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11
Q

What is included in the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum, pons, medulla

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12
Q

What is Spina Bifida?

A

a congenital defect of the spine in which part of the spinal cord and its meninges are exposed through a gap in the backbone, often causing paralysis of the lower limbs.

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13
Q

What are the four brain regions?

A

Cerebral hemisphere, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Brain stem

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14
Q

What is in the grey matter of the CNS

A

mainly nerve cell bodies (short unmyelinated axons)

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15
Q

What do you call a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS?

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

What is the white matter of the CNS

A

myelinated axons

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17
Q

what are Gyri?

A

elevated ridges of tissue on the cerebral surface that are separated by shallow valleys (sulci)

  • sulci divide each hemisphere into five lobes
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18
Q

what are fissures?

A

deeper valleys that are separate large regions of the brain

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19
Q

how many regions are in each hemisphere?

A

three
Cerebral cortex, Internal white matter, Basal nuclei

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20
Q

how are the hemisphere primarily concerned with the motor and sensory functions?

A

contralateral

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21
Q

What abilities does the left hemisphere specialise in?

A

language, maths, logic

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22
Q

What abilities does the right hemisphere specialise in?

A

emotions, artistic skills, visual-spatial ability

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23
Q

What does the diencephalon form?

A

central core of the forebrain

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24
Q

Which are the three major parts of the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

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25
Facts about the Thalamus
midline, symmetrical structure with a left and right half - consists of bilateral egg-shaped nuclei - forms superolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle - major relay station for the brain - involved in memory and emotions
26
Facts about the Hypothalamus
contains grouped nuclei that maintain key physiological functions: - hormone secretion - controls autonomic nervous system - thermoregulation - relates hunger, satiety, thirst - sleep-wake cycle - emotional functions
27
Facts about Epithalamus
most dorsal portion of diencephalon - pineal gland extends from posterior border - secretes the hormone melatonin
28
What is the Limbic System?
group of structures located on medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon
29
What is the Limbic System responsible for?
- emotional behaviours - interpretation of internal and external stimuli
30
What does the ventricular system refer to?
four hollow cavities in the brain paired lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
31
Where are the paired lateral ventricles?
deep within each hemisphere
32
Where is the third ventricle?
between the two halves of the diencephalon
33
Where is the fourth ventricle?
between the brainstem and the cerebellum
34
Ventricles are filled with
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
35
What does the CSF provide?
mechanical cushioning for the brain & spinal cord also acts as medium for chemical communication
36
Is the central canal of the spinal cord patent?
In most adults over the age of 30, however, the central canal is probably not patent
37
Where does the CSF in the central canal of the spinal cord drain?
The central canal communicates inferiorly with the subarachnoid space at the conus medularis, at teh superior aspect of the lumbar cistern, a reservoir of CSF that also contains the cauda equina and filum terminale
38
What are meninges 'made of'?
three connective tissue membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord - dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
39
What is between the layer within the meninges?
Subdural space: - between dura mater and arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space: - between arachnoid mater and pia mater - contains CSF and the blood vessels that serve the brain
40
What is the Dura Mater?
- outermost of 3 meningeal membranes covering brain and spinal cord - strongest meninx, composed of thick, tough & inflexible connective tissue
41
The dura mater around the brain
- periosteal layer: outermost dural layer; merges with the inner surface of the cranial periosteum - meningeal layer: innermost dural layer, which adheres tightly to the deep sulci & fissures of the brain
42
The dura mater around the spine
- only one dural layer, the meningeal layer - continuous with meningeal layer of brain
43
Where can you find the falx cerebri?
dura mater separating the left from right hemisphere
44
Where can you find the falx cerebelli?
separates hemispheres from cerebellum
45
Where is the tentorium cerebelli?
covers/protects cerebellum
46
What is the function of the diaphragma sellae?
covers & protects the pituitary gland
47
Where are the venus sinuses found?
within dura mater
48
What do the venous sinuses drain?
venous blood from the cerebral veins, emptying the internal jugular veins
49
What extends into the venous sinuses?
small projections of arachnoid mater called arachnoid granulations allowing CSF to enter the dural venous sinuses
50
what is the spinal dura attached to?
spinal arachnoid mater, known as the dural sac or thecal sac (ends blindly at S2 level
51
What is the space between the bony vertebrae and the spinal dura mater called?
epidural space
52
What does the epidural space contain?
soft padding of adipose tissue, lymphatics, spinal nerve roots, loose connective tissue, small arteries, dural venous sinuses, and a network of veins
53
Where is the epidural space the narrowest and widest?
Cx region (1-2mm) L2-3 it widens to 5-6mm
54
How many pairs of nerves are in the Spinal cord?
31 pairs of nerves
55
Which nerve roots are sensory/motor?
sensory - dorsal roots motor - ventral roots
56
What is in the grey matter?
cell bodies dorsal horn: sensory lateral horn: autonomic ventral horn: motor
57
What is in the white matter?
axons separated into funiculi by horns of grey matter dorsal lateral ventral divided into tracts
58
what is laminae of rexed ?
Rexed proposed a classification based on the 10 laminae or layers that were related to a function of each lamina. Laminae I-IV are concerned with exteroceptive sensation and comprise the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. These are the main layers that process pain
59
Laminae of rexed - 2
Substantia Gelatinosa
60
Laminae of rexed - 3-6
nucleus propius
61
Laminae of rexed - 7
clarke's nucleus
62
Laminae of rexed - 8
ACST neuron synapses here
63
Laminae of rexed - 9
Lsct neuron synapses here
64
Major ascending tracts of the spinal cord
Spinothalamic, Spinocerebellar, DCML Dorsal columns (gracile and cuneate fasciculi) Anterolateral system (spinothalamic tract)
65
Major descending tracts of spinal cord
Corticospinal tracts (anterior and lateral) Corticulbar
66
What receptors are in the spinothalamic tract?
Thermoreceptors and nociceptors located in free nerve endings
67
Modalities carried in the spinothalamic tract
Temperature, pain and crude touch
68
Where is the spinothalamic tract located within the spinal cord?
anterior and lateral funiculus
69
What does DCML stand for?
Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus system
70
Receptors of the DCML
Mechanoreceptors; Golgi tendons, muscle spindles, ruffinis, pacinian corpuscles, merkel discs, meissners
71
Modalities carried in the DCML
Proprioception, vibration, 2 point discrimination, light touch
72
Level of decussation of DCML
Caudal medulla
73
Location of the DCML within the spinal cord
posterior funiculus (cuneate and gracile fasciculus)
74
Termination of the Spinothalamic tract
Primary sensory cortex of parietal lobe
75
Termination of DCML
Primary sensory cortex
76
Lateral Corticospinal tract - cells of origin
primary motor cortex - pre central gyrus
77
What information is carried in the Lateral Corticospinal tract
Motor for limb musculature
78
Termination of the Spinothalamic tract
Primary sensory cortex of parietal lobe
78
Ventral Corticospinal tract - cells of origin
primary motor cortex - pre central gyrus
79
What information is carried in the Ventral Corticospinal tract?
Motor for trunk musculature
80
Which are the three major arteries that supply the brain?
Anterior cerebral artery middle cerebral artery posterior cerebral artery
81
What is Anastomosis?
A cross-connection between adjacent channels, tubes
82
What do Anastomoses provide for arteries?
Alternative flow pathways to the superficial aspect of each hemisphere
83
What is the circle of willis composed of?
anterior cerebral arteries anterior communicating arteries internal carotid artery posterior cerebral arteries posterior communicating arteries
84
Which arteries are the major inputs to the circle of willis?
internal carotid artery and vertebral artery
85
Arteries of the brainstem - Midbrain
Basilar artery
86
Arteries of the brainstem - Pons
Basilar branches
87
Arteries of the brainstem - Dorsolateral medulla
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
88
Arteries of the brainstem - Anterior medulla
Anterior spinal and vertebral arteries
89
Where does most venous blood from the brain drain into?
dural venous sinuses
90
Where does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into?
straight sinus
91
Where do the superior sagittal and straight sinuses empty into?
Transverse sinuses which turn into sigmoid sinuses
92
What do the sigmoid sinuses become as they exit the skull?
internal jugular veins
93
What does the internal jugular vein drain into?
right atrium
94
Which blood do the internal jugular veins collect?
from the brain, superficial regions of the face & neck
95
Which veins form the brachiocephalic veins?
internal jugular vein and subclavian
96
Termination of the Spinothalamic tract
Primary sensory cortex of parietal lobe
96
What do the left and right brachiocephalic veins form?
superior vena cava (SVC)

Second Year Osteopathy (9 decks)

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