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Second Year Osteopathy > BSO6 > Flashcards

BSO6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which lobes make up the cerebral cortex/brain?

A

Cerebrum (majority)
Brainstem
Cerebellum

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2
Q

What divides the cerebrum? And what are the two hemophears connected by?

A

Longitudinal fissure

Corpus Callosum

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3
Q

What are the functions of the Cerebrum?

A

Memory, cognition, language, thought, judgement, reasoning, problem solving, attention, consciousness, hearing, vision, motor, touch

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4
Q

What is the cerebrum made of and what is it known as?

A

Outer grey matter layer
Cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Frontal lobe - features, boundaries, functions

A

Largest lobe
Boundaries:
- central sulcus (frontal & parietal)
- lateral sulcus (frontal & temporal)
Action (mental & physical):
Planning, problem solving, motivation, judgment, decision making, impulse control, social behaviour, personality, memory, learning, reward, attention
Skeletal muscle movement, ocular movement, speech control, facial movement

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6
Q

what does the CNS begin as and when is it formed by?

A

neural tube and formed by week 4

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7
Q

which germ layer does the neural tube develop from?

A

Ectoderm

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8
Q

How many expansions (vesicles) develop in the neural tube?

A

three
Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain

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9
Q

what is included in the forebrain?

A

cerebral cortex (telencephalon), diencephalon

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10
Q

what is the midbrain also known as?

A

mesencephalon

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11
Q

What is included in the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum, pons, medulla

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12
Q

What is Spina Bifida?

A

a congenital defect of the spine in which part of the spinal cord and its meninges are exposed through a gap in the backbone, often causing paralysis of the lower limbs.

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13
Q

What are the four brain regions?

A

Cerebral hemisphere, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Brain stem

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14
Q

What is in the grey matter of the CNS

A

mainly nerve cell bodies (short unmyelinated axons)

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15
Q

What do you call a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS?

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

What is the white matter of the CNS

A

myelinated axons

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17
Q

what are Gyri?

A

elevated ridges of tissue on the cerebral surface that are separated by shallow valleys (sulci)

  • sulci divide each hemisphere into five lobes
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18
Q

what are fissures?

A

deeper valleys that are separate large regions of the brain

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19
Q

how many regions are in each hemisphere?

A

three
Cerebral cortex, Internal white matter, Basal nuclei

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20
Q

how are the hemisphere primarily concerned with the motor and sensory functions?

A

contralateral

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21
Q

What abilities does the left hemisphere specialise in?

A

language, maths, logic

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22
Q

What abilities does the right hemisphere specialise in?

A

emotions, artistic skills, visual-spatial ability

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23
Q

What does the diencephalon form?

A

central core of the forebrain

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24
Q

Which are the three major parts of the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

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25
Q

Facts about the Thalamus

A

midline, symmetrical structure with a left and right half
- consists of bilateral egg-shaped nuclei
- forms superolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle
- major relay station for the brain
- involved in memory and emotions

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26
Q

Facts about the Hypothalamus

A

contains grouped nuclei that maintain key physiological functions:
- hormone secretion
- controls autonomic nervous system
- thermoregulation
- relates hunger, satiety, thirst
- sleep-wake cycle
- emotional functions

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27
Q

Facts about Epithalamus

A

most dorsal portion of diencephalon
- pineal gland extends from posterior border
- secretes the hormone melatonin

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28
Q

What is the Limbic System?

A

group of structures located on medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon

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29
Q

What is the Limbic System responsible for?

A
  • emotional behaviours
  • interpretation of internal and external stimuli
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30
Q

What does the ventricular system refer to?

A

four hollow cavities in the brain
paired lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

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31
Q

Where are the paired lateral ventricles?

A

deep within each hemisphere

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32
Q

Where is the third ventricle?

A

between the two halves of the diencephalon

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33
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle?

A

between the brainstem and the cerebellum

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34
Q

Ventricles are filled with

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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35
Q

What does the CSF provide?

A

mechanical cushioning for the brain & spinal cord

also acts as medium for chemical communication

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36
Q

Is the central canal of the spinal cord patent?

A

In most adults over the age of 30, however, the central canal is probably not patent

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37
Q

Where does the CSF in the central canal of the spinal cord drain?

A

The central canal communicates inferiorly with the subarachnoid space at the conus medularis, at teh superior aspect of the lumbar cistern, a reservoir of CSF that also contains the cauda equina and filum terminale

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38
Q

What are meninges ‘made of’?

A

three connective tissue membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord
- dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

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39
Q

What is between the layer within the meninges?

A

Subdural space:
- between dura mater and arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space:
- between arachnoid mater and pia mater
- contains CSF and the blood vessels that serve the brain

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40
Q

What is the Dura Mater?

A
  • outermost of 3 meningeal membranes covering brain and spinal cord
  • strongest meninx, composed of thick, tough & inflexible connective tissue
41
Q

The dura mater around the brain

A
  • periosteal layer: outermost dural layer; merges with the inner surface of the cranial periosteum
  • meningeal layer: innermost dural layer, which adheres tightly to the deep sulci & fissures of the brain
42
Q

The dura mater around the spine

A
  • only one dural layer, the meningeal layer
  • continuous with meningeal layer of brain
43
Q

Where can you find the falx cerebri?

A

dura mater separating the left from right hemisphere

44
Q

Where can you find the falx cerebelli?

A

separates hemispheres from cerebellum

45
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

covers/protects cerebellum

46
Q

What is the function of the diaphragma sellae?

A

covers & protects the pituitary gland

47
Q

Where are the venus sinuses found?

A

within dura mater

48
Q

What do the venous sinuses drain?

A

venous blood from the cerebral veins, emptying the internal jugular veins

49
Q

What extends into the venous sinuses?

A

small projections of arachnoid mater called arachnoid granulations

allowing CSF to enter the dural venous sinuses

50
Q

what is the spinal dura attached to?

A

spinal arachnoid mater, known as the dural sac or thecal sac (ends blindly at S2 level

51
Q

What is the space between the bony vertebrae and the spinal dura mater called?

A

epidural space

52
Q

What does the epidural space contain?

A

soft padding of adipose tissue, lymphatics, spinal nerve roots, loose connective tissue, small arteries, dural venous sinuses, and a network of veins

53
Q

Where is the epidural space the narrowest and widest?

A

Cx region (1-2mm)
L2-3 it widens to 5-6mm

54
Q

How many pairs of nerves are in the Spinal cord?

A

31 pairs of nerves

55
Q

Which nerve roots are sensory/motor?

A

sensory - dorsal roots
motor - ventral roots

56
Q

What is in the grey matter?

A

cell bodies

dorsal horn: sensory
lateral horn: autonomic
ventral horn: motor

57
Q

What is in the white matter?

A

axons

separated into funiculi by horns of grey matter
dorsal
lateral
ventral
divided into tracts

58
Q

what is laminae of rexed ?

A

Rexed proposed a classification based on the 10 laminae or layers that were related to a function of each lamina. Laminae I-IV are concerned with exteroceptive sensation and comprise the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. These are the main layers that process pain

59
Q

Laminae of rexed - 2

A

Substantia Gelatinosa

60
Q

Laminae of rexed - 3-6

A

nucleus propius

61
Q

Laminae of rexed - 7

A

clarke’s nucleus

62
Q

Laminae of rexed - 8

A

ACST neuron synapses here

63
Q

Laminae of rexed - 9

A

Lsct neuron synapses here

64
Q

Major ascending tracts of the spinal cord

A

Spinothalamic, Spinocerebellar, DCML

Dorsal columns (gracile and cuneate fasciculi)
Anterolateral system (spinothalamic tract)

65
Q

Major descending tracts of spinal cord

A

Corticospinal tracts (anterior and lateral)
Corticulbar

66
Q

What receptors are in the spinothalamic tract?

A

Thermoreceptors and nociceptors located in free nerve endings

67
Q

Modalities carried in the spinothalamic tract

A

Temperature, pain and crude touch

68
Q

Where is the spinothalamic tract located within the spinal cord?

A

anterior and lateral funiculus

69
Q

What does DCML stand for?

A

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus system

70
Q

Receptors of the DCML

A

Mechanoreceptors; Golgi tendons, muscle spindles, ruffinis, pacinian corpuscles, merkel discs, meissners

71
Q

Modalities carried in the DCML

A

Proprioception, vibration, 2 point discrimination, light touch

72
Q

Level of decussation of DCML

A

Caudal medulla

73
Q

Location of the DCML within the spinal cord

A

posterior funiculus (cuneate and gracile fasciculus)

74
Q

Termination of the Spinothalamic tract

A

Primary sensory cortex of parietal lobe

75
Q

Termination of DCML

A

Primary sensory cortex

76
Q

Lateral Corticospinal tract - cells of origin

A

primary motor cortex - pre central gyrus

77
Q

What information is carried in the Lateral Corticospinal tract

A

Motor for limb musculature

78
Q

Termination of the Spinothalamic tract

A

Primary sensory cortex of parietal lobe

78
Q

Ventral Corticospinal tract - cells of origin

A

primary motor cortex - pre central gyrus

79
Q

What information is carried in the Ventral Corticospinal tract?

A

Motor for trunk musculature

80
Q

Which are the three major arteries that supply the brain?

A

Anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery

81
Q

What is Anastomosis?

A

A cross-connection between adjacent channels, tubes

82
Q

What do Anastomoses provide for arteries?

A

Alternative flow pathways to the superficial aspect of each hemisphere

83
Q

What is the circle of willis composed of?

A

anterior cerebral arteries
anterior communicating arteries
internal carotid artery
posterior cerebral arteries
posterior communicating arteries

84
Q

Which arteries are the major inputs to the circle of willis?

A

internal carotid artery and vertebral artery

85
Q

Arteries of the brainstem - Midbrain

A

Basilar artery

86
Q

Arteries of the brainstem - Pons

A

Basilar branches

87
Q

Arteries of the brainstem - Dorsolateral medulla

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

88
Q

Arteries of the brainstem - Anterior medulla

A

Anterior spinal and vertebral arteries

89
Q

Where does most venous blood from the brain drain into?

A

dural venous sinuses

90
Q

Where does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into?

A

straight sinus

91
Q

Where do the superior sagittal and straight sinuses empty into?

A

Transverse sinuses which turn into sigmoid sinuses

92
Q

What do the sigmoid sinuses become as they exit the skull?

A

internal jugular veins

93
Q

What does the internal jugular vein drain into?

A

right atrium

94
Q

Which blood do the internal jugular veins collect?

A

from the brain, superficial regions of the face & neck

95
Q

Which veins form the brachiocephalic veins?

A

internal jugular vein and subclavian

96
Q

Termination of the Spinothalamic tract

A

Primary sensory cortex of parietal lobe

96
Q

What do the left and right brachiocephalic veins form?

A

superior vena cava (SVC)

Second Year Osteopathy (9 decks)

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