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Second Year Osteopathy > BSO5 > Flashcards

BSO5 Flashcards

1
Q

How many parts has the Skull got?

A

two parts (cranial Vault and Facial skeleton)

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2
Q

Cranial Vault

A
  • neurocranium
  • houses the brain
  • roof = calvaria
  • floor = cranial base
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3
Q

Facial Skeleton

A

viscerocranium
- anterior aspect of skull
- contains mouth, nose and orbits

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4
Q

How many bones are making up the cranial vault and what are they?

A

8 Bones
Frontal bone (“forehead”)
Occipital bone (“back head”)
Sphenoid bone (“wedge form”)
Ethmoid bone (“sieve form”)
2 parietal bones (“wall”)
2 temporal bones (“temples”)

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5
Q

How many bones are making up the fascial skeleton and what type of bones are they?

A

15 irregular bones

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6
Q

Name the bones that make up the fascial skeleton.

A

Mandible (“to chew”)
Vomer (“Plow share”)
Ethmoid (“sieve form”)
2 lacrimal bones (“tear”)
2 nasal bones (“Nose”)
2 maxillary bones (“upper jaw”)
2 zygomatic bones (“yoke”)
2 palatine bones (“palate”)
2 inferior nasal conchae (“shell shaped”)

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7
Q

Sutures in the Skull

A

fibrous joints, interlocking
between all except the mandible

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8
Q

Major Sutures

A

Coronal- between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones.
* Sagittal- between the two parietal bones.
* Lambdoidal (Lambda, Gr letter uppercase Λ) - between the occiput and the two parietal bones.
* Temporal (squamous)- where temporal meets the occipital and parietal bones.

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9
Q

Bony Landmarks of the Skull

A

Lambda - Junction of sagittal and lambdoidal sutures
Bregma - Junction of coronal and sagittal sutures
Pterion - H shaped, between sphenoid, temporal, frontal and parietal bones
Asterion - junction of the parietal, temporal and occipital bones

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10
Q

Embryology of the Skull - Fontanelles

A
  • Bones in the calvaria form via intramembranous ossification.
  • Bones in the cranial base form via endochondral ossification.
  • Fontanelles are where the sutures meet in an infant skull, forming fibrous tissue membrane, representing the un-ossified bone.
  • They are required during birth.
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11
Q

How many fontanelles are in the skull?

A

6
- anterior fontanelle - bregma (biggest)
- 2 anterolateral fontanelles - pterion
- 2 Posterolateral fontanelles - asterion
- posterior fontanelle - lambda

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12
Q

What type of joint is the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)?

A
  • modified hinge type synovial joint
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13
Q

What does the TMJ articulate with?

A
  • articulation b/w condylar process of mandible and ,mandibular fossa of temporal bone
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14
Q

TMJ - capsule facts

A
  • loose fibrous capsule attaching to the temporal bone and neck of mandible
  • two synovial membranes within capsule separated by fibrocartilaginous articular disc
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15
Q

Movements at the TMJ

A
  • superior compartment allows protrusion and retrusion movements of the mandible (translation)
  • inferior compartment allows depression & elevation of mandible (rotation)
  • both movements have to occur for mandible to open and close the mouth
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16
Q

Which ligaments are found at the TMJ?

A

Lateral ligament, Stylomandibular ligament, Sphenomandibular ligament

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17
Q

Lateral ligament - temporomandibular ligament

A
  • intrinsic ligament
  • thickening of lateral joint capsule
  • strengthens the TMJ laterally, helps prevent posterior dislocation
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18
Q

Stylomandibular ligament

A
  • extrinsic ligament
  • from styloid process to angle of mandible
  • provides very little strength to joint
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19
Q

Sphenomandibular ligament

A
  • extrinsic ligament
  • from spine of sphenoid to lingula of mandible
    acts as fulcrum for movement of TMJ & helps limit amount of movement occurring at the joints
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20
Q

Which muscles are acting on the TMJ?

A
  • Muscles of mastication
  • all supplied by Mandibular branch of Trigeminal Nerve (CN V3)

Temporalis, Masseter, Medial and lateral pterygoid

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21
Q

Biomechanics when opening the TMJ

A
  • articular disc and condyle of mandible slide anteriorly on articular surface to articular tubercle (movement occurs in superior compartment
  • simulataneously condylar process of mandible rotates on articular disc in inferior compartment
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22
Q

Biomechanics when closing the TMJ

A
  • articular disc and condyle of mandible slide posteriorly on articular surface to articular tubercle (movement occurs in superior compartment
  • simultaneously condylar process of mandible rotates on articular disc in inferior compartment
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23
Q

What is included in the oral region?

A

Oral cavity, teeth, gingivae, tongue, palate, region of palatine tonsils

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24
Q

Function of oral region

A

ingestion of food, preparation for digestion, food chewed by teeth, saliva from salivary glands assist in forming food bolus, deglutition = swallowing (voluntary), once pushes into pharynx (automatic phase of swallowing)

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25
Q

Functions of the tongue

A

mastication, taste, deglutition, articulation, oral cleansing

main functions: forming words during speech, pushing food into the pharynx when swallowing

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26
Q

What is the bulk of the tongue made up of?

A

Skeletal muscle

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27
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue supplied by?

A

by CN XII hypoglossal nerve, except palatoglossus mm

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28
Q

General sensation of the tongue

A

touch, temperature

anterior 2/3rds linguial nerve (CN V(3))

posterior 1/3rd lingual nerve (CN IX)

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29
Q

What makes up the orbit

A

bones, nerves, eyeball, muscles, vessels

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30
Q

what does recti mean

A

straight

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31
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical spine?

A

7 vertebrae

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32
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine?

A

12 vertebrae

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33
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine?

A

5 vertebrae

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34
Q

How many vertebrae are in the sacrum spine?

A

5 fused vertebrae

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35
Q

How many vertebrae are in the coccyx spine?

A

3-5 fused vertebrae

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36
Q

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column

A

31

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37
Q

Features of the vertebra

A
  • vertebral body (anteriorly)
  • vertebral arch (middle)
  • vertebral foramen
  • spinous process 1x
  • 2x transverse processes
  • 2x superior articulate processes
  • 2x inferior articulate processes
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38
Q

What is primary ossification?

A
  • begins in foetus
  • complete ossification of the vertebrae by about 1 yr in the Cx and 6 yr in the Lx
39
Q

What is secondary ossification?

A
  • centres develop in puberty
  • usually complete by 25 yrs
40
Q

What type of ossification is the vertebrae?

A

Endochondral ossification

41
Q

Cervical vertebrae features

A

Body, spinous process, transverse process (transverse foramen), superior and inferior articulate processes, Pericles, lamina

42
Q

Which cervical vertebrae are classified as typical?

A

C3-C6

43
Q

Features of typical Cx vertebrae

A

Vertebral body (uncinate processes), vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, spinous process (short and bifid), transverse processes , superior articulate processes, inferior articular processes

44
Q

C7 Atypical Vertebra features

A

Vertebral body (larger), spinous process (not bifid), transverse processes (smaller transverse foramen containing only vertebral vein)

45
Q

C1 Atypical vertebra (atlas)

A

Anterior arch (anterior tubercle, facet for dens), posterior arch (posterior tubercle, groove for vertebral artery), lateral masses (superior facet, inferior facet)

46
Q

C2 atypical vertebra (axis)

A

Vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, spinous process (bifid), transverse processes, transverse foramen, inferior articular processes

Atypical features:
- vertebral body has a superior projection called the odontoid process (dens)
- superior articular facets are directly superiorly to support C1 atlas

47
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Found in neck, doesn’t articulate with another bone

Anterior surface = concave
Posterior surface = convex
Greater horns - either side of body, projects posterosuperiorly and laterally from the body
Lesser horns - small projection on superior surface, located at Union of greater horns and body

Suspended from styloid process by stylohyoid ligaments, which insert onto lesser horns

48
Q

Joints of Cervical spine

A
  • zygapophyseal (facets) joints
49
Q

Zygapophyseal joints features

A
  • also known as facet joints
  • between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
  • plane synovial, permits gliding
  • Each joint innervated by two spinal nerves
  • cervical facets have and oblique orientation
50
Q

Ligaments of the zygapophyseal joints

A
  • ligaments flavum
  • intertranverse ligament
  • interspinous ligament
  • supraspinous ligament
  • unchallenged ligament
51
Q

Uncovertebral joints

A
  • also known luschka
  • formed by unicate processes of c3-c6 and the vertebral body above
  • considered synovial joints
  • located at the lateral and posterior lateral margins of IVD
52
Q

Atlanto-Occipital Joint (OA)

A
  • joints between lateral mass of C1 and occipital condyles
  • condyloma synovial joints
  • permits nodding of head
  • very limited rotation and side bending
53
Q

What connects C1 to the skull?

A
  • anterior atlanto-occipital membrane (arising from anterior arch)
  • posterior atlanto-occipital membrane (arising from posterior arch)
54
Q

Pathway of the vertebral artery

A

Runs up through the transverse foramina the runs through posterior atlanto-occipital membrane to get into vertebral canal and then pass up through foramen magnum to supply the skull

55
Q

Atlanto-axial joint (AA or C1-2)

A
  • only rotation movement available, skull and C1 rotate as unit on C2
  • 1 pivot synovial joint (median AA joint) - between dens of C2 and anterior arch of C1
  • 2 plane synovial joints (lateral AA joint) - b/w superior articular facets of C2 and inferior articular facets of C1
56
Q

How many joints are in the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Three atlanto-axial joints

57
Q

Which ligaments support the Atlanto-Axial joint?

A
  • 1x apical ligament
  • 2x alar ligaments (coming of dens like wing)
  • 1x crucially ligament with three bands (transverse ligament of atlas, superior longitudinal lig, inferior longitudinal lig)
  • tectorial membrane (very strong superior continuation of PLL)
58
Q

What are the spinal ligaments?

A
  • anterior longitudinal ligament
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • ligamentum flavum
  • intraspinous ligament
  • supraspinous ligament
  • intratransverse ligament
59
Q

Nuchal ligament - facts

A
  • known as ligamentum nuchae
  • in the median plane on posterior surface of neck
  • triangular membrane that forms a median fibrous septum b/w muscles of two sides of the neck
  • attached to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae, EOP & EO crest
60
Q

What type of joints are the intervertebral disc?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis)

61
Q

Function of IVD

A

Designed for weight bearing and strength
Vary in shape with the spinal curvatures and movement

62
Q

Location of IVD

A

Between the bodies of adjacent vertebra (absent at C1-2)

63
Q

What doe IVD’s consist of?

A
  • anulus fibrosus (outer layer of the IVD composed of lamellae of fibrocartilage)
  • nucleus pulposus, gelatinous central mass highly elastic, high water content (middle of IVD
64
Q

Fascia of the neck

A

2 different types of fascia

  • superficial fascia
  • deep fascia
65
Q

Superficial fascia of the neck

A
  • contains cutaneous nerves, blood vessels, lymph nodes and vessels
  • in cervical superficial fascia it contains platysma
66
Q

Deep fascia of the neck

A
  • allows the various structures in neck to Slide Over one another , during movements of the head and during visceral functions such as swallowing

4 parts
- investing layer, pretracheal layer, prevertebral layer, carotid sheath

67
Q

Investing layer of deep fascia

A
  • surrounds the entire neck, deep to superficial fascia
  • invests the trapezius and SCM muscles
68
Q

Pretracheal Layer of Cervical Fascia

A
  • only present in anterior part of neck
  • extends from hyoid bone to pericardium
  • thin muscular part, encloses infrahyoid muscles
  • visceral part, encloses thyroid gland, trachea and oesophagus
69
Q

Prevertebral Fascia of the neck

A

Forms a tubular sheath for the vertebral column and the muscles associated with it

70
Q

Carotid sheath

A
  • two sheaths (left and right)
    -tubular fascia sheath
  • blends with other fascia
71
Q

What does the carotid sheath contain?

A

Common carotid artery and ICA
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve CN X
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Other small nerve fibres

72
Q

Triangles of the neck

A

Divides into separate anatomical areas bilaterally
Anterior triangles (in front of SCM)
Posterior triangles/lateral cervical region (behind the SCM)
Smaller triangular divisions within each of the larger triangles

73
Q

Posterior Triangles of the Neck

A

Occipital triangle and subclavian triangle

74
Q

Anterior triangles of the neck

A

Submental triangle, carotid triangle, submandibular triangle, muscular triangle

75
Q

How many bones are in the external nose?

A

Nasal bones, frontal processed of maxillae, nasal parts of frontal bone and it’s nasal spine

76
Q

How many cartilages are in the external nose?

A

10
5 main cartilages, 2 lateral cartilages, 2 alar cartilages, a septal cartilage

77
Q

What does the skeleton of the external nose consist of?

A

Bone and hyaline cartilage

78
Q

Nasal septum facts

A

Divides nose into 2 cavities
Consists of largely 3 parts

79
Q

What is found in the Nasal septum?

A
  • perpendicular plate of ethmoid
  • vomer (posterior inferiorly)
  • septal cartilage, continuous inferiorly and anteriorly with bony septum
  • small sections of palatine and maxillae (nasal crests)
80
Q

Nasal Cavities

A
  • enter anteriorly through nares (nostrils)
  • vestibules are lined with skin and stiff hairs
  • vestibules are a cavity situated at the entrance to a hollow
  • it opens posteriorly into the nasopharynx through the choanae
  • lined with mucous membranes
  • mucous membranes are firmly bound to adjacent periosteum and perichondrium
    Mucous membranes are continuous with the lining of all chambers
81
Q

Boundaries of nasal cavity

A

Lateral wall
- consists of three scroll shaped protrusions projecting inferiorly

82
Q

How many Paranasal Sinuses are there?

A

Frontal paranasal sinuses (pair)
Maxillary paranasal sinuses (pair)
Ethmoid paranasal sinuses (many spaces within ethmoid bone)
Sphenoid sinuses (2)

83
Q

Special Sensation of Tongue

A
  • taste (anterior 2/3rd CN VII, fascia nerve & posterior 1/3rd CN IX, Glossopharyngeal
  • root of tongue: sensory and special sensory (taste) vagus CN X
84
Q

Where can you find the Palate?

A

Arched roof of the mouth
Floor of nasal cavities

85
Q

What does the Palate do?

A

Separates oral cavity from nasal cavities and nasopharynx
Hard and soft palate

86
Q

Facts about the hard Palate

A

Concave shape
Forms anterior 2/3 of palate
At rest space below the hard palate is filled with tongue
Consists of bony skeleton palatine processes of the maxillae
Horizontal plates of palatine bones

87
Q

Where is the soft palate?

A

Posterior 1/3 of palate
Suspends posteriorly from hard palate

88
Q

Soft palate consist of

A

No bony skeleton
Consists of fibromuscular tissue

89
Q

Function of the Soft Palate

A

Initially palate tenses during swallowing
Tongue can then press against it
Squeezing the bolus of food posteriorly in mouth

Then elevated posteriorly and superiorly to prevent food from passing into nasopharynx

90
Q

Muscles of the Soft palate and supply

A

5 mm arise from base of cranium of soft palate

Supplied by pharyngeal branch of vagus CN X via pharyngeal plexus (except tensor veli palatini, CN V (3))

91
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils?

A

Between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
In region oropharynx
Mostly lymphoid tissue

92
Q

Where is the Pharynx? And what function has it?

A

Part of the digestive system posterior to nasal cavities, oral cavity and larynx
Extends from base of skull to inferior base of cricoid cartilage and inferior border of C6 posteriorly

Respiratory function

93
Q

Into which regions is the Pharynx divided?

A

3 regions
Nasopharynx - posterior to nasal cavity and superior to soft palate
Oropharynx - posterior to mouth and oral cavity
Laryngopharynx - posterior to larynx

Second Year Osteopathy (9 decks)

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